Olson provides an engaging overview of counterintelligence (CI) that will engage people interested in intelligence generally or CI specifically. Unfortunately, it falls short of its ambitions of defining an "art of counterintelligence" and mostly reviews general knowledge and cases that area already in the intelligence literature and will be familiar to people who have read more detailed accounts of specific CI cases.
Unfortunately, Olson's title highlights the need for a general book on counterintelligence to complement the several books on general intelligence, but this book falls far short of its potential. This is particularly disappointing given Olson's 30 years of experience in the CIA and current status as a professor of the practice at the Bush School.
This book provides a chapter each on China, Russia, and Cuba counterintelligence operations before chapters on the ten principles of CI, CI awareness in the workplace, and double agent operations. Olson finishes with several case studies of specific counterintelligence cases, but there is little new insight in the short summaries of these cases. Instead of an "art of counterintelligence," the book feels more like war stories with a CI expert.
This book would have been better if Olson had provided an overview of the US intelligence community and the intelligence cycle, which is covered in other books and unclassified government documents. He should have then talked about a general theory of CI as it applies to all countries as their CI agents seek to identify and mitigate foreign intelligence agents. He should have then presented specific chapters on different aspects of CI operations, such as identifying foreign intelligence officers (both those under official and nonofficial cover), how they recruit sources, how they satisfy requirements, running double agents, mitigating risk, etc. Indeed, a major gap in this book on CI is a very thin discussion on identifying foreign intelligence officers and mitigating their ability to operate, a gap which makes the chapter on double agents less relevant than it would have been with a more complete discussion. Lastly, Olson could have provided several chapters on comparative CI between different countries. By not providing a general theory on CI Olson exposes himself to many contradictions that ultimately weaken the overall message of this book and limit its usefulness to practitioners, policymakers, and the general public.
One contradiction is how Olson describes US and foreign CI services. He asks the reader to be shocked that the intelligence services of Russia, China, Cuba, and other countries have infiltrated the American government offices, universities, and companies, but take it for granted that the US runs intelligence operations in those countries trying to do, in essence, the same thing (satisfy requirements). If he had established a framework of how countries satisfy intelligence requirements (whether they do it professionally, as in the US, or in an adhoc manner), it would have been clear that, fundamentally, the US and other countries are interested in the same basic goal of satisfying these requirements.
This framework would have provided a natural lead-in to a discussion on the ethics of intelligence and counterintelligence. Of course, to engage in the recruitment of sources an individual must be willing to lie and deceive their family, friends, and sources, but where does one draw the line? Are there ethical boundaries that one can cross in an investigation that seeks to prevent an imminent attack versus an operation to satisfy a general intelligence requirement? Olson should have talked about how other countries engage in commercial espionage, such as China, or cyber-terrorism, such as North Korea's Sony hack and how the US's professional intelligence services stay away from these types of operations.
One critical flaw of Olson's work is that he seems to rely heavily on a small subset of well-known examples of CI cases. Instead of retell the story of Aldrich Ames, he should have researched federal indictments and newspaper articles, perhaps even from foreign countries, to attempt to bring new CI cases to the broader public attention.
Olson also fails to address several of the dilemmas that arise in his discussion. He calls for the intelligence community to take stricter stances on drugs and alcohol, but does not take the opportunity to address what a nuanced program would look like when many states have legalized or decriminalized drugs and binge drinking is as common in college as writing term papers at the last minute. Also, the intelligence community, including the military, has thousands of positions to fill every year. If the standards on drugs and minor infractions were too strict, it would be impossible to fill every open position. Olson could have done current administrators a service by thinking more deeply about these serious issues.
Olson also fails to address that much of what happens in the CI world is not publicly known either because it is highly classified, or the intelligence community failed to identify the foreign intelligence officer or their American agent. Although many cases have certainly not been declassified, the reader does not know if the cases presented in this book are a representative sample of CI cases. Also, Olson does not address the glaring possibility that the only people caught in CI operations were the dumb ones, and that the smart ones all got away with it. Olson gives us the Pollard case, and others, with inept spies who cannot help but brag to their friends about their adventures while flaunting their newfound prosperity, but is it possible that there have been Americans in the intelligence community who have spied for years and gotten away with it? Olson missed the opportunity to explain exactly why Cuba was so successful, which is especially disappointing considering Malcolm Gladwell's most recent book did such a good job.
This book, published in July 2019, also should have provided the opportunity for an expert like Olson to address modern dilemmas of hunting down foreign spies. With hundreds of thousands of foreign students and professional workers in the US, how can the US get a handle on identifying spies and agents without violating individual rights? With some universities reluctant to work with law enforcement in the absence of clear and convincing evidence and companies averse to highlighting security lapses, how can CI professionals best communicate the essential role they play for the country to the general public to ensure that they receive the tips from private citizens they need to do their job? How can the CIA and FBI convince companies that it is more important to report security lapses of critical national security information than to protect their reputation?
Considering these, and other flaws, most readers would do well to read other books about intelligence and counterintelligence. Despite this, there are enough interesting anecdotes to make this book worthwhile for somebody who has read several books on this and related subjects. One place to start would be the appendix, where Olson lists several books on CI, before coming back to this one. On the upside, there is still an opportunity for a retired CI officer or an aspiring academic to write the authoritative book on CI in the 21st Century.