World War II was the biggest, deadliest, and most destructive war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Nearly eighty years after the end of World War II, numerous complete histories of the war have been written. If one wants to read about the war, Ian Toll’s Pacific War trilogy and Rick Atkinson’s Liberation trilogy are comprehensive, well-written and extremely informative.
What largely remains to read are books that provide a snapshot of some part of the war. At a time when the last of the fighting men from that war are dying out, Ian Kershaw's Against All Odds: A True Story of Ultimate Courage and Survival in World War II is about the Marne Men of the U.S. Army’s 3rd Division, 15th Infantry Regiment. The unit produced forty Medal of Honor recipients over the course of the war, more than any other division.
The U.S. 3rd Division earned the name “Marne Men” during the German offensive of 1918. The division formed in 1917 at Camp Greene, near Charlotte, North Carolina and quickly found itself in the great Battle of the Marne that turned the tide against the Germans in WWI. During six months of combat in the war, the 3rd Division suffered nearly 17,000 casualties during six campaigns.
During WWII, the “Marne Men” engaged in combat actions in Fedala, North Africa (November 1942); Sicily (July 1943); Salerno, Italy (September 1943); Anzio, Italy (January 1944); southern France (August 1944) in Operation Dragoon; and finally in Germany (March 1945). The regiment spent 31 months in combat.
Among the Medal of Honor recipients, a handful of the most decorated soldiers in history stood out. These four men are the focus of Kershaw’s book; they include Audie Murphy, Maurice Britt, Michael Daly, and Keith Ware.
Audie Murphy was widely celebrated as the most decorated American combat soldier of World War II and has been described as the most highly decorated soldier in U.S. history. Born into a family of sharecroppers in Texas, Murphy helped feed his family by using his skill with a hunting rifle. In the army, he struck his fellow soldiers as a baby-faced kid. In combat, he proved fearless. While fighting in central France, Murphy ordered his men to retreat while he mounted an abandoned, burning tank and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans. For an hour, Murphy stood on the flaming tank returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He stopped only after he ran out of ammunition. He is credited with having killed 241 enemy soldiers during the war. For his heroism, Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service, including a Bronze Star, a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster, the Distinguished Service Cross, a Purple Heart, a Silver Star, and the Medal of Honor.
Born in Arkansas, Maurice Britt played professional football for the Detroit Lions before joining the U.S. Army. He entered active duty as a second lieutenant. For his actions on the assault of Monte Retundo in central Italy, he received the Medal of Honor and received a battlefield promotion to captain. His war ended abruptly when a German tank fired a shell at Britt's command post, a stone farmhouse. The shell passed through three walls, blowing off Britt's right arm at the elbow and fracturing a leg. For his service, Britt received the Distinguished Service Cross, a Purple Heart, a Bronze Star, a Silver Star, and the Medal of Honor.
Michael Daly was an Irish American from New York City. As an eighteen-year-old, he resigned from the US Military Academy after one year to serve as an infantry private in World War II. He was wounded in Germany. After recovered, he was reassigned to the 3rd Infantry Division and was given a battlefield commission to second lieutenant. Leading his company as they advanced on Nuremberg, Germany, he single-handedly engaged German forces several times. Daly rushed a German machine gun position and killed the three gunners. He later attacked a German patrol single-handedly, killing all six patrol members. Just weeks before the war’s end, Daly was shot through the jaw. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Daly received three Silver Stars, a Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts.
Drafted into the Army in July 1941, Keith Ware was sent to Officer Candidate School, emerging as a platoon leader. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel by December 1944, and was appointed to command the 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. While one of his companies stalled under heavy fire from a German hilltop, Ware made a close reconnaissance of the German positions, deliberately drawing their fire in order to determine their location. Leading a small advance of eleven men and a tank, he personally assaulted four enemy machine gun positions. Ware was wounded and five of his soldiers were killed before the hill was secured. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism. He would later be killed in battle in Vietnam.
The last chapter of the book might just be its best. It describes the lives of these four highly-decorated men after the war. Murphy would become a film star. But he had what would today be described as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow. Suffering from nightmares, he became addicted to sleeping pills. Daly began a business career. After the war, Maurice Britt spent twenty years working at a furniture manufacturing company. In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor of Arkansas.