This is an interesting book, very well and accessibly written, joining an elegant French with a clear and articulate delivery of its thesis. It takes a provocative viewpoint, and its approach helps one to understand the crossroads the Left finds itself at the moment.
All the statements and explanations of the author are crystal clear, solidly grounded and perfectly logical. He addresses honestly and clearly issues like the arbitrariness of justice enforcement in our societies (I particularly like this paragraph: “ Mais on pourrait voir les choses tout autrement: après tout, nous commetons tous, tous les jours, des délits, petits ou grands, ou nous avons tous commis. Nous avons tous un passé et un present; les comportements des entreprises, des particuliers, des institutions se déployent dans une zone d’illegalité, qu’il s’agissent de nos pratiques sur Internet, des impôts, de l’usage de drogues, des injures, de la sexualité, etc. Nous sommes tous, à un degré ou un autre, dans l’illegalité. […] Ce qu’on appelle”L’Ètat de droit” n’abolit pas l’arbitraire mais trasnfère l’arbitraire du souverain au couple parquet-police. “) , the problem of true democratic representation / majority rule, the ethical dilemmas of non-violence, the need to identify the concrete political responsibles. He rightly describes all our traditional political concepts as abstractions or fictions, our creations whose meaning only stands while we believe in them.
But that said, I somehow ended the book thinking: that’s all very well, but what then?
In effect, while agreeing with so much of what he writes, I cannot find myself agreeing with the whole – how shall I put it – substance. I think it does a great job deconstructing traditional myths and making us question our political language, but I would like to see more constructive ideas and realistic suggestions – of course he doesn’t have to be able to solve the political conundrums, but still.
For instance, he repeatedly describes how all our political relations and interactions are no more than a game of power, in which who is able to imposes his will to the other(s), and how that morally allows us to not accept laws and rules, since they are forced on us by force, comparing us to a colonized people and the lawmakers to a colonial power – and coherently (although less emphatically) admitting that we would do the same was the balance of forces reversed.
Yet self-interest is not the only (and probably not the main) thing that motivates us, and force is not the only way we pursue our goals. That reasoning is actually dangerously close to the Right doctrine of “everyone for himself”, that from the famous Thatcherite saying “there is no such thing as society, only individuals”, led to the triumph of neoliberalism and its conquer of the Right and of a big part of the Left, bringing our western civilization to how it now. Equally, or more important, are the will to cooperate, our conscience, compassion, etc. After all, solidarity is what the core of the Left thinking is based on.
Yes, Democracy, the people, the Law, are all abstractions or fictions, and so is every other human abstract creation, be it a bank, a business deal, a religion or a currency, like is so well said by Yuval Harari in Sapiens. They don’t exist by themselves, and they only have the meaning and importance we give them. But many are useful and practical fictions and abstractions, that made us evolve as societies, cooperation being imprinted in our evolution as a species. And some are definitely better than others, if we (as I do) consider good the happiness of the individuals – because whatever its intrinsic value, I certainly prefer voting to fighting to decide an issue, or buying or exchanging to robbing to acquire something, and think it’s much luckier to be born and grow in a democratic Portugal than under a fascist one (which I still experienced).
(That’s another issue that I think the author deals with somewhat unrealistically, when he says the rules of where we are born are imposed to us by chance and not consented. But unless we were born fully grown and formed like Athena from the head of Zeus, how else could it be? We must be born and grow somewhere, and learn whatever we can; it’s as adults we should do our best to create equality of opportunities for the young.)
Maybe the sum-up of my reaction to the book’s doctrine is my answer to this paragraph:
“ […] …qui peut honnêtement pretender qu’il a renoncé à une action illégale parce qu’il reconnaissait la légitimité de la règle de la majorité ou la validité rationnelle de ce qui se presente comme un État de droit? Personne ne peut s’avancer, se présenter et dire honnêtement: je voulais accomplir une action différente de la Loi, mais j’y ai renoncé parce que je reconnais la légitimité du système legal rationnel ou la légitimité du principe de majorité. Seul un philosophe politique peut croire cela (et encore).”
Well, I have, repeatedly, for instance when I file my tax declaration, or when I don’t take something from a store even if unwatched, or I don’t mistreat a patient even if I find him obnoxious. And I’m not a political philosopher.
That said, I liked very much the last paragraph:
“ La politique, c’est un monologue. Et peut-être l’anarchisme n’est-il pas un courant de pensée parmi d’autres mais ce qui hante toute réflexion politique, ce à quoi toute conscience lucide aspire mais dont elle sait l’impossibilité.”
It reminds me of discussions with my wife’s grandfather, an old-school anarchist who had to flee the country in the 1930s. Yes, we must never forget our ideals and aspirations, but in the meantime what we must do is what is possible, or otherwise we fall under authoritarian and unscrupulous people who actually do possible things. And there is so much to be done, and that we can do.