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ความเรียงว่าด้วยเศรษฐกิจการเมือง

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"งานชิ้นหลัก ๆ ทางการเมืองของฌอง ฌากส์ รุสโซ (Jean Jacques Rousseau) ที่โดยทั่วไปมักจะรู้จักกันเป็นอย่างดีก็ได้แก่ "สัญญาประชาคม" (The Social Contract, 1762) และ "ความเรียงว่าด้วยต้นกำเนิดและรากฐานแห่งความไม่เสมอภาคของมวลมนุษย์" (Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men/The Second Discourse, 1755) ซึ่งสองเล่มนี้ได้รับการแปลเป็นภาษาไทยแล้ว แต่กระนั้นน้อยคนนักที่จะให้ความสนใจหรือกล่าวถึงงานอีกชิ้นหนึ่งของเขานั่นก็คือ "ความเรียงว่าด้วยเศรษฐกิจการเมือง" (Discourse on Political Economy, 1755) ทั้ง ๆ งานชิ้นนี้ของรุสโซเป็นอีกเล่มหนึ่งที่มีความสำคัญไม่น้อยไปกว่างานทั้งสองชิ้นที่ได้กล่าวไป สาเหตุที่ความเรียงว่าด้วยเศรษฐกิจการเมืองมีความสำคัญอย่างมากก็เนื่องจาก งานชิ้นนี้ เป็นต้นกำเนิดของแนวคิดเจตจำนงทั่วไป (General Will) ที่ปรากฏในหนังสือสัญญาประชาคม หรือ The Social Contract ของรุสโซ ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น Discourse on Political Economy ยังเป็นผลงานของรุสโซที่อยู่ระหว่าง The Second Discourse และ The Social Contract ซึ่งเราจะพบถึงความเชื่อมต่อจาก The Second Discourse ถึง The Social Contract โดยผ่านปมสำคัญที่ปรากฏ อยู่ใน Discourse on Political Economy”


บางส่วนของคำกล่าวนำโดย ศ.ดร.ไชยันต์ ไชยพร
คณะรัฐศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย

125 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1755

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About the author

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Genevan philosopher and writer Jean Jacques Rousseau held that society usually corrupts the essentially good individual; his works include The Social Contract and Émile (both 1762).

This important figure in the history contributed to political and moral psychology and influenced later thinkers. Own firmly negative view saw the post-hoc rationalizers of self-interest, apologists for various forms of tyranny, as playing a role in the modern alienation from natural impulse of humanity to compassion. The concern to find a way of preserving human freedom in a world of increasingly dependence for the satisfaction of their needs dominates work. This concerns a material dimension and a more important psychological dimensions. Rousseau a fact that in the modern world, humans come to derive their very sense of self from the opinions as corrosive of freedom and destructive of authenticity. In maturity, he principally explores the first political route, aimed at constructing institutions that allow for the co-existence of equal sovereign citizens in a community; the second route to achieving and protecting freedom, a project for child development and education, fosters autonomy and avoids the development of the most destructive forms of self-interest. Rousseau thinks or the possible co-existence of humans in relations of equality and freedom despite his consistent and overwhelming pessimism that humanity will escape from a dystopia of alienation, oppression, and unfreedom. In addition to contributions, Rousseau acted as a composer, a music theorist, the pioneer of modern autobiography, a novelist, and a botanist. Appreciation of the wonders of nature and his stress on the importance of emotion made Rousseau an influence on and anticipator of the romantic movement. To a very large extent, the interests and concerns that mark his work also inform these other activities, and contributions of Rousseau in ostensibly other fields often serve to illuminate his commitments and arguments.

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Profile Image for Nick Murray.
47 reviews2 followers
March 24, 2019
If you're sick of people misquoting Rousseau for political gain, make sure you've read and understand this piece well.
Profile Image for Kin.
514 reviews165 followers
February 4, 2017
ผมมีแนวโน้มจะเห็นอกเห็นใจคนทำงานแปลทางทฤษฎีเป็นพิเศษ เพราะเข้าใจเลยว่าเป็นทั้งงานที่ยากและค่าตอบแทนน้อยโดยเปรียบเทียบกับงานแปลประเภทอื่น ส่วนตัวเลยอดชื่นชมผู้แปลไม่ได้ที่ทั้งแปลความเรียง เขียนประวัติย่อ รวมทั้งยังอธิบายความหมายและที่มาที่ไปของคำว่า political economy ในสมัยรุสโซเพิ่มเติมไว้ด้วย

ส่วนขยายความเกี่ยวกับชื่อเรื่องนั้นเป็นประโยชน์มากๆ ช่วยให้เราเห็นเทรนด์ของความหมายที่เปลี่ยนแปลงไปจาก Economy เดิม สู่ Political Economy ในศตวรรษที่ 15-18 และแตกแขนงเป็น Economics ในศตวรรษที่ 19 พัฒนาการนี้เป็นพื้นฐานที่ดีต่อการทำความเข้าใจดีเบตอีกหลายอย่างของปรัชญาการเมือง โดยเฉพาะดีเบตเกี่ยวกับการรุ่งเรืองของแนวคิดว่าด้วยหลักการปกครอง (governmentality) ของฟูโกต์ ซึ่งสำหรับรุสโซแล้ว การปกครอง (government) แทบจะมีความหมายไม่ต่างจาก political economy นั่นเอง

ผมชอบส่วนที่สามเป็นพิเศษ เพราะฝีปากของรุสโซในการจิกกัดคนรวยและการตั้งข้อสังเกตเกี่ยวกับมาตรการเก็บภาษีของรัฐที่เอื้อประโยชน์ต่อชนชั้นนำที่น่าสนใจ แต่ส่วนที่ทำให้ผิดหวังอยู่ตลอดคือ หนังสือเล่มนี้มีส่วนที่พิมพ์ผิด พิมพ์ตก พิมพ์เกินบ่อยจนน่าหงุดหงิดมากๆ แต่ถ้าไม่นับเรื่องนั้น คิดว่านี่เป็นงานแปลที่เป็นประโยชน์มากๆ เล่มหนึ่งอย่างไม่ต้องสงสัยเลย
Profile Image for محمد شکری.
171 reviews181 followers
July 24, 2020
رساله «گفتاری درباه اقتصاد سیاسی» (۱۷۵۵) هفت سال پیش از دو آثار بسیار معروف‌تر دیگر روسو، یعنی «قرارداد اجتماعی» و «امیل، یا درباره آموزش» منتشر شده‌است
این رساله با تفکیکی میان نهاد خانواده، به عنوان نخستین جماعت اقتصادی، با دولت به عنوان جامعه‌ای بسط یافته آغاز می‌شود. در خانواده اقتدار (پدرانه) امری طبیعی است و دست‌کم تا وقتی که فرزندان در آن کودک‌اند طبیعت آنان ایجاب می‌کند تحت مرجعیت پدر باشند، اما همین‌که به سن بلوغ برسند نه آنها خود را تخت سرپرستی پدر می‌بینند و نه پدر خود را سرپرست آنها می‌یابد. از سوی دیگر ولی دولت از ابتدا چنین مرجعیت طبیعی‌ای را ندارد. پس دولت از ابتدا با نوعی مرجعیت «قراردادی» آغاز می‌شود. ولی این مرجعیت نه نوعی «اجبار» و «واگذاری» قهری اختیار به دولت، بلکه نوعی قرارداد بین افراد طبیعتا برابر است که تنها از مجرای قانون امکان می‌پذیرد
به این ترتیب روسو مفهوم حاکمیت[۱] را از مفهوم دولت[۲] جدا می‌کند: اولی بدنه ملت را به حق قانون‌گذاری متصل می‌کند و دومی، که همان اقتصاد سیاسی است، تنها در معنای اعمال قدرت و اجرای قانون محدود می‌شود
سومین و مهم‌ترین تفکیک، که تمام تمایزهای قبلی را با هم جمع می‌کند، تفکیک میان اراده عام[۳] و اراده فردی است. اراده عام، در این اثر، درواقع همان اراده اکثریت است که مبنای قانون‌گذاری است . از آن‌جا که قانون نه از بیرون این اراده (مثلا از دین یا فلسفه‌ای خاص) بلکه از خود آن برمی‌آید به این معنی همواره در نسبت با خود درست است
اراده عام، تشکیل دهنده «جامعه سیاسی» است که روسو آن را به درستی از انجمن‌ها و جماعت‌ها جدا می‌کند. اراده برآمده از جماعت‌ها همیشه برای افراد آن اراده عامو همواره برای کل جامعه اراده فردی و خاص است. این تفکیک بعدها در فلسفه رالز هم بسیار مهم است. به این معنا که برداشت خاص هیچ انجمن یا جماعتی (اعم از احزاب سیاسی یا جماعت‌های مذهبی) نمی‌تواند برداشت سیاسی از عدالت (حکومت عادلانه) برای کل جامعه تلقی شود

پس چگونه می‌توان قانون‌گذاری کرد؟
روسو سه شرط اساسی برای حکومت عادلانه طرح می‌کند: ر

یک) دولت همواره باید پیرو اراده عام باشد
اما این تنها یک شعار است. چگونه دولتی می‌تواند همواره دنباله‌روی اراده عام باشد اما اقتدار و مرجعیت خود را نیز حفظ کند؟ روسو پاسخی می‌دهد که در کل تاریخ فلسفه سیاسی ماندگار شده‌است: «قانون». اما قانون چیز جدیدی نیست که به نام روسو ثبت شود. آنچه روسو را متمایز می‌کند تلقی خودآیین قانون در نسبت با کل افراد جامعه است. روسو قانون را نه به عنوان امری ازلی و ابدی و برآمده از مرجعیتی بیرونی، بلکه به عنوان محصول خود اراده عام می‌فهمد. قانون یعنی همان چیزی که همگان در «برابری» مطلق، «آزادانه» آن را خواسته‌اند و به همین دلیل، پس از وضع آن (قرارداد اجتماعی) هرگونه تخطی به آن یعنی تخطی به آزادی همگان. به این ترتیب دولت با پیگیری قانون پیگیر آزادی اراده همگان است. این شرط نخست بعدها در «قرارداد اجتماعی» بسط می‌یابد

دو) دولت باید آموزش عمومی را فراهم آورد
اگر دولت باید اراده عام را پیگیری کند و این کار به خاطر وجود اراده‌های فردی و جزئی مخالف قانون ضروری است، پس چه راهی برای بهبود این وظیفه متصور است؟ برای خرچه دور شدن از اعمال زور و اجبار، روسو آموزش عمومی[۴] را پیش می‌کشد. این مسئله هم چندان جدید نیست: ارسطو هم در ابتدای «اخلاق نیکوماخوس» همین شأن سیاسی را برای آموزش و پرورش اخلاقی نشانه می‌رود. ولی باز هم روسو را می‌توان کمی متفاوت خواند. این تفاوت البته می‌تواند دو روی متفاوت داشته باشد:‌از یک منظر، روسو به وضوح طرح نوعی آموزش ایدئولوژیک را می‌دهد که در آن آشکارا آموزش وطن‌پرستی و سرسپردگی به قانون را در دستور قرار می‌دهد. اما از سوی دیگر، می‌توان روسو را از چنین اتهامی (لاقل تا حدی) تبرئه کرد: آنچه نظام آموزش باید برای شهروندان فراهم کند (که البته اینجا و بعد‌ها در «امیل» خواهیم دید که منظور تنها شهروندان «مرد» است)، صرفاً آموزش احترام و سرسپردگی به خود اراده عام است و از این حیث این نوعی آموزش فرمی است نه محتوایی. به همین دلیل نمی‌توان گفت روسو آموزشی ایدئولوژیک (یعنی محتوایی ویژه) را برای شهروندان درنظر گرفته‌است. مسئله آموزش، بعدها، بیش از هرجا خود را در «امیل» نشان می‌دهد

سه) دولت باید نیازهای عمومی را برآورده سازد
از یک‌سو، بی‌شک یکی از مؤلفه‌های عمومی صیانت از جان و مال است. اما از سوی دیگر، در اینجا هم (مانند مورد یک)‌ با یک دو مجهولی طرفیم: دولت برای انجام وظایف خود که همان برآوردن نیازهای عمومی [۵] است، به منابع مالی نیاز دارد. راه حل روسو چندان عجیب نیست: مالیات. او مشخصه‌هایی برای مالیات منصفانه برمی‌شمارد که از جمله عبارت‌اند از مالیات بیشتر از اموال بیشتر، مالیات تنها از دارندگان حداقل دارایی و... . ولی سازوکار مالیاتی روسو (مالیات بر زمین، بر ارزش افزوده، بر ارث و...) چندان بسط نیافته‌است


[1] Sovereignty
[2] State
[3] General Will
[4] public education
[5] public wants
Profile Image for Zahra Roushan.
50 reviews31 followers
March 25, 2019
انتشارات روزبهان مجموعه‌ای از متون مهم فیلسوف‌های تاثیرگذار رو زیر نظر محمدمهدی اردبیلی منتشر کرده و این کتاب با ترجمه‌ی مهدی یوسفی هم یکی از اون‌هاست. یوسفی قبل از شروع متن اصلی این سوال رو مطرح می‌کنه که اصلا چرا روسو برای منِ فارسی‌زبان می‌تونه مهم باشه و مساله‌ی اون چطور می‌تونه برای ما معاصر بشه؟ در کنارش سعی می‌کنه کلیشه‌های شکل‌گرفته حول محور تفکر روسویی رو هم بررسی کنه و تا جای ممکن جواب بده‌.
حدود نصف کتاب به این مقدمه‌ی خوب و جامع اختصاص داره و بعد با شروع متن متوجه می‌شیم که انتخاب این متن برای چنین مجموعه‌ای چقدر به جا بود.
روسو در یک رساله‌ی منسجم و نسبتا کوتاه سوال‌هایی می‌پرسه که هنوز گشوده‌ن و فضایی رو ترسیم می‌کنه که برای ما کاملا ملموس و معاصر به حساب میان. از موضوعاتی مثل آزادی، قانون، وطن‌پرسی و خودپرستی گرفته تا مالیات عادلانه و نسبت رابطه‌ی مردم و حکومت بحث می‌کنه و به یه نتیجه‌گیری می‌رسه. می‌شه با قسمت‌های مهمی از فرضیات اولیه‌ش، اخلاق مدنظرش و یا راهکارهاش موافق نبود؛ ولی با توجه به فاصله‌ی زیاد ما از زمانه‌ی نویسنده اگر این شکاف‌ها نبودند عجیب بود.
Profile Image for Ady ZYN.
263 reviews13 followers
October 6, 2025
Ediția de față, de la editura Tact, a lucrării lui Rousseau este din 2022 și e compusă dintr-o notă introductivă a traducătoarei, Veronia Lazăr și lucrarea propriu-zisă, Discursul.

Nota introductivă, „Discursul despre economia politică: idei economice ale lui Rousseau și nașterea economiei politice în Iluminism” este o scriere consistentă, mai voluminoasă decât însăși lucrearea pe care o introduce. Autoarea deschide cu o sinteză complexă a ideilor social economice ai epocii imediat dinaintea Revoluției Franceze. Ea aduce în discuție o serie de scrieri conexe ale lui Rousseau punându-l față în față cu idei ale altor filosofi care s-au ocupat de tematica socială în epoca iluministă.

Fiind o introducere destul de cumprinzătoare și scrisă într-un limbaj academic, este destul de dificil de urmărit spre deosebire de Discursul lui Rousseau care e mai ușor de pătruns; ideile sale sunt ușor de urmărit datorită elocvenței iluministe care definește termenii și apoi îi dezvoltă în enunțuri destul de limpezi.

În Discurs despre economia politică, Rousseau critică organizarea economică contemporană și contrapune ei construcția unei societăți echitabile. Scrierea e alcătuită din trei părți. În primele două discută de economie în relație cu guvernarea persoanelor, unde tratează construirea eticii sociale și legtimității politice prin educație și subordonare a voințele particulare voinței generale supusă legii datorită avantajelor pe care legea le oferă comunității.

Iar în partea a treia tratează economia în relație cu administrarea bunurilor. Aici, Rousseau ne apare ca un precursor al stângii politice promovând o fiscalitate care să despovăreze pe cei săraci, în special țărănimea, cea care produce bunuri utile și care au doar strictul necesar, și să împovăreze cu impozite pe cei care acumulează bogății și sporesc inegalitățile: „Prin asemenea impozite, care ușurează povara săracului și cad pe umerii bogaților, trebuie împiedicată creșterea continuă a inegalităților de avere, aservirea a numeroși muncitori și servitori inutili față de cei bogați, multiplicarea populației trândave în orașe și depopularea zonelor rurale.”

Interesant e că încă din 1755, Rousseau dezvoltă ideea care va reveni azi în agenda de stânga, anume, chestiunea externalităților. Azi, externalitățile sunt definite ca fiind efecte secundare, pozitive sau negative, pe care activitatea economică a unei persoane, firme sau instituții le are asupra altor persoane — fără ca acestea să fie compensate sau taxate prin piață.

Externalitățile negative sunt efectele plătite de terți fără a aceștia să fie despăgubiți de agenții economici. Poluarea este una dintre externalități. O companie produce oțel, dar emite fum și dioxid de sulf. Aerul devine poluat, locuitorii din jur se îmbolnăvesc sau cheltuie mai mult pe tratamente. Astfel că în spatele costurilor de piață se ascund costuri mai greu de cuantificat pe care le plătește societatea.

Rousseau consideră „externalitate” luxul pentru că acesta produce o externalitate negativă morală (inegalitate socială, imitare de statut); aceste activități pot fi îndoielnice moral, dar nepericuloase însă cu efecte colaterale asupra ordinii publice sau morale așa că pot fi tolerabile în schimbul unei taxe.
Profile Image for Elias.
12 reviews
May 6, 2024
"From the first moment of life, men ought to begin learning to deserve to live; and, as at the instant of birth we partake of the rights of citizenship, that instant ought to be the beginning of the exercise of our duty. If there are laws for the age of maturity, there ought to be laws for infancy, teaching obedience to others. [...]

Public education, therefore, under regulations prescribed by the government, and under magistrates established by the Sovereign, is one of the fundamental rules of popular or legitimate government. If children are brought up in common in the bosom of equality; if they are imbued with the laws of the State and the precepts of the general will; if they are taught to respect these above all things; if they are surrounded by examples and objects which constantly remind them of the tender mother who nourishes them, of the love she bears them, of the inestimable benefits they receive from her, and of the return they owe her, we cannot doubt that they will learn to cherish one another mutually as brothers, to will nothing contrary to the will of society, to substitute the actions of men and citizens for the futile and vain babbling of sophists, and to become in time defenders and fathers of the country of which they will have been so long the children.

I shall say nothing of the Magistrates destined to preside over such an education, which is certainly the most important business of the State. It is easy to see that if such marks of public confidence were conferred on slight grounds, if this sublime function were not, for those who have worthily discharged all other offices, the reward of labour, the pleasant and honourable repose of old age, and the crown of all honours, the whole enterprise would be useless and the education void of success. For wherever the lesson is not supported by authority, and the precept by example, all instruction is fruitless; and virtue itself loses its credit in the mouth of one who does not practise it. But let illustrious warriors, bent under the weight of their laurels, preach courage: let upright Magistrates, grown white in the purple and on the bench teach justice. Such teachers as these would thus get themselves virtuous successors, and transmit from age to age, to generations to come, the experience and talents of rulers, the courage and virtue of citizens, and common emulation in all to live and die for their country."
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208 reviews18 followers
November 10, 2017

"It is necessary in some degree to confine and limit our interest and compassion on order to make it active. Now, as this sentiment can be useful only to those with whom we have to live, it is proper that our humanity should confine itself to our fellow-citizens, and should receive a new force because we are in the habit of seeing them, and by reason of the common interest which unites them. It is certain that the greatest miracles of virtue have been produced by patriotism: this fine and lively feeling, which gives to the force of self-love all the beauty of virtue, lends it an energy which, without disfiguring it, makes it the most heroic of all passions. This it is that produces so many immortal actions, the glory of which dazzles our feeble eyes; and so many great men, whose old-world virtues pass for fables now that patriotism is made mock of. This is not surprising; the transports of susceptible hearts appear altogether fanciful to any one who has never felt them; and the love of one's country, which is a hundred times more lively and delightful than the love of a mistress, cannot be conceived except by experiencing it.”
Profile Image for Ugr Kstkçi.
7 reviews
January 23, 2020
Jean Jacques Rousseau’nun Ekonomi Politik (Discours sur l’economie politique) başlıklı metni, büyük eseri olan toplumsal Sözleşme’sindeki (Du contrat social), fikirlerini işlediği ilk metindir.
Rousseau Ekonomi Politik'te ekonomi kavramının tanımıyla
başlar. (Rousseau,'ya göre “Ekonomi ya da Oikonomi” “ev ve yasa sözcüklerinden gelir ve kökenine göre, tüm ailenin ortak iyiliği için ev işlerinin akla ve belli kurallara uygun bir biçimde çekilip çevrilmesi anlamını taşır.) Rousseau, daha sonra, bilim ve sanatın insanı yozlaştırdığını, kentlerin kötülük yuvası olduğunu, vahşiliğin uygarlıktan üstün olduğunu savunur. Bu çerçevede, genel irade, onun somutlaşması olan devlet, devletin işlemesi için gereken erdem, erdemin hâkim kılınması için gereken eğitim gibi, iyi bir toplum yönetiminin temel ilke ve kurumlarını tanımlamaya çalışır.
Kitapta ayrıca dipnotlarla çevirmenin ve editörün bazı konulara ilişkin açıklamaları da konuyu anlamaya fayda sağlamaktadır.
704 reviews17 followers
July 13, 2020
Чтение вроде бы не развлекательное.
Но я получил большое удовольствие.
Часть мыслей автора, с мой точки зрения, просто наивны, но это же совершенно нормально - у каждого свои взгляды.
Тем более учитывая отдаленные времена, в которые были записаны эти мысли - у меня есть роскошь знать о массе "незапланированных социальных экспериментов", о которых не мог знать Руссо.

Но меня изумил и доставил удовольствие систематический подход, выверенная четкость формулировок.
Это всегда результат труда - думаю, многие знают фразу Блеза Паскаля "письмо вышло длинным, потому что у меня не было времени сделать его короче".
В данном случае у Руссо было и время и желание сформулировать мысли точно и кратко.
Profile Image for Kelvin Dias.
101 reviews5 followers
February 15, 2024
Acho uma terrível negligência como a Ciência Política e as Relações Internacionais ignoram a família enquanto objeto de estudo. Este tema não deveria ser aprofundado apenas pela antropologia e estes escritos são a prova.

Muito interessante como documento histórico e para se fazer uma leitura crítica. Entender as origens ideológicas do "pai de família", da "moral e dos bons costumes" e do núcleo heterossexual monogâmico. Sem querer ser anacrônico em problematizar uma publicação de 1755 (mas já sendo): é bizarro ver a tranquilidade com que se falava certas coisas e como elas eram tidas como parte do mundo "natural". Daí a importância de estudar, sempre tem uma teoria (e ideologia) agindo sobre nós. Se não tomamos consciência, somos mais facilmente controlados, manipulados.
Profile Image for Ahmed.
65 reviews
October 14, 2021
Not Rousseau's most thrilling text, but thought-provoking nonetheless and contains an early glimpse into some of Rousseau's concepts like the general will which he lays out in more detail in later works
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507 reviews4 followers
July 31, 2017
Easy to read and understand, I recommend this book without qualification.
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332 reviews7 followers
April 20, 2022
«…pues nunca hubo un pueblo de sabios, pero es posible lograr que un pueblo sea feliz».

DISCURSO SOBRE LA ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
17 reviews
March 7, 2025
Best thing I learned during this was that Rousseau had a spank kink
Profile Image for Elia Mantovani.
218 reviews5 followers
October 9, 2025
Opera difficile da collocare, e forse neanche meritevole di troppa attenzione in seno alla vasta produzione rousseauviana. E' chiaro che si tratta di un lavoro da inquadrarsi nei primissimi dibattiti disciplinari attorno al concetto di economia, e che è molto distante dagli studi contemporanei che i grandi filosofi hanno fatto della stessa. Certo le idee che contiene sembrano ancora molto primitive: ad esempio, per tutta una serie di ragioni, Rousseau odia il lusso ed è pronto a contrastarlo per con qualsiasi mezzo, e alle volte sembra quasi (c'è da dirlo, in coerenza con lo spirito del Secondo Discorso) voler regredire a forme di produzione misere e capaci di soddisfare solo i bisogni strettamente necessari per la sopravvivenza, restituendo una prospettiva inaccettabile dai moderni, ieri come oggi. Ugualmente, lo scetticismo dell'autore verso la teoria dell'equilibrio spontaneo, accusato di produrre sempre e comunque la tirannia dei forti sui deboli, sembra, almeno in parte, a ricevere smentita dalla storia economica del mondo libero, che proprio per mezzo di concorrenza e libero scambio ha raggiunto livelli di benessere diffuso mai visti sin d'ora. Come dicevo, il recente interesso verso il pensiero economico del ginevrino (temo motivato più da esigenze di ricerca che da genuino valore filosofico) rischia di enfatizzare un aspetto del suo pensiero quasi totalmente inaccettabile, inattuale, facilmente smentibile e forse anche ingiusto verso Rousseau, i cui lavori, ancora ricchissimi di tante stimolazioni intellettuali, rischiano così di essere offuscati da pensieri confusi se non proprio insopportabili.
Profile Image for Peter J..
Author 1 book8 followers
November 9, 2015
Rousseau is always a good read. I thought some of his thoughts regarding pressing the upper class towards the middle in this short work were brilliant, though unlikely to be accepted in American society, though his writings influenced our constitution.
63 reviews22 followers
October 7, 2013
Interesting discussion by Rousseau of eternal but everyday political and economic issues. Helps to illustrate why a certain kind of neo-conservative sees in him a kindred spirit.
Profile Image for Sean Chick.
Author 9 books1,108 followers
September 11, 2014
Poorly written and makes a dull argument. Not among Rousseau's best.
Profile Image for Revanth Ukkalam.
Author 1 book31 followers
June 11, 2017
Just an extension to Social Contract (on general will). If Discourse on origin of inequality is diagnosis, this is prescription. Read for the stress on community ownership.
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