I won this book as part of Goodreads Giveaway. I've become more interested in reading & learning about the brain, elasticity, mental health, PTSD, etc. Some of this interest stems from the social work that my brother and some friends are involved in for their jobs. I was really disappointed in this book. The author's main point in the end is that thinking leads to choices which leads to behaviors. This "nugget" holds true for anyone; "criminal" or not.
The main disappointment came from the approach the author took to get his thoughts/theory across. It felt like he set the book up by discrediting & putting down other studies & theories to lift his own above the rest. A lot of it came down to the the language the author used. Some of his choices of words gave the impression of insecurity; it felt like he went out of his way to put down other theories in an attempt to make his superior. In the beginning of the book he starts the first chapter by telling anyone who believes external factors can impact a "criminal's" choices to be in error: "When I began working as a clinical psychologist, I believed that people turned to crime largely because of factors outside of themselves...Working with my mentor..., we eventually found this view to be COMPLETELY IN ERROR." He furthers this condemning language approach in another example: "Policy makers WASTE billions of dollars as they NAIVELY seek to combat criminal behavior by eradicating its SO-CALLED environmental "root causes." In another example, the author describes the Control for Disease and Prevention's risk factors of youth violence as a "hodge-podge list." The impression the author paints is that his theory is the only right one, making the reader feel bad for believing otherwise, yet the author himself, doesn't provide a lot of detail into his own studies that would strongly support his theory supremacy. This leads me to my next disappointment.
The approach to his research does not gel well with me. I'm not an experienced researcher and maybe his approach is commonly used or widely accepted amongst researchers. In his own words, this is how he gathered his information for his theory: "Having interviewed criminals for 44 yrs, I had hundreds of cases from which to choose while writing this book. I DELIBERATELY SELECTED AS EXAMPLES MEN AND WOMEN WHO ARE AT THE EXTREME END OF THE CONTINUUM OF CRIMINALITY." Again, I'm not an experienced researcher, but does studying and highlighting the anomilies (extremes) and then projecting them to the rest of the population make sense? From this approach, the author proceeds to use absolutes when describing the criminal and brushing off "minor" differences or the "small percentages" that appear contrary to his way of thinking. Isn't his cohort group a small percentage of the criminal population as well? He said he used the extreme of extreme criminals. The author strongly suggests that criminals are criminals regardless of ANY external factors because of the choices they make (puts down mental illness, environmental factors, etc.). He suggests that criminals have "pre-existing personalities." He is forced to play down the "small number [that] may change on their own after having experienced the loss of their freedom." He writes these "small numbers" off because they don't fit into his theory. Throughout the book, the author briskly waves off any variations from his theory as unimportant/meaningless.
One more thing on the author's research approach: heavy reliance on interviews. Now some cases interviews are all you have to work with, but that doesn't make interview studies as the most effective, ESPECIALLY when interviewing "extreme" criminals who have a pattern of lying. The author emphasizes throughout his book that criminals are deceptive liars; they say and do anything to get the results they want and that they can't be trusted, yet he relies heavily on these "liars'" interviews for his research. Why does the author think that these criminals are telling him the truth in his interviews as to why they do or did things, but expounds on how they manipulate parents, teachers, psychologists, law enforcement, etc. to leave an impression that they want or to get what they want. Throughout the book, he quotes these extreme liars to prove his points and discredit other theories. Not sure I would trust what they say let alone use so many of their quotes as your "evidence."
The author focuses nearly the entire book discrediting the "causes" of ciminality just so, it seems, he can point out his main point in the concluding chapter(s) that it is ultimately the criminal's thinking patterns and the resulting choices that are the most important thing to focus on when working with criminals. Yes, how and what people think can lead to behaviors, good or bad. The author did have some good thoughts regarding similarities in criminal thought patterns, but I wish he would have made that the focus of his book, rather than feeling the need to defend his theories throughout the book. If he would have done this he wouldn't have felt the need to put down potential explanations to point that it made him appear overly absolute.
Discrediting environmental or mental factors and their influence/impressions on thinking lessened his authority in my mind. Too many other studies that I've read (that better presented their approaches, methods, statistics, etc. than this author) have shown environmental & mental factors have had influences on the final choices that criminals made. Yes, the "criminal" made the ultimate wrong choice resulting from unhealthy thinking patterns, but it's not "naive" to try and study & improve environmental & mental factors. A recent PBS special on juvenile delinquency that I watched interviewed 3 dangerous inmates serving time. They described that when they were younger, they were picked on and beat up. Over an extended period of time, they got so tired of being beaten up that they felt their only option was to fight back, eventually using guns. They said that the guns gave them power. Their thought process and the eventual criminal choices they made were wrong indeed, however, it seems too excessive to write-off the impact that the bullying, beating, etc. had on their young minds.
The author also minimizes the impact of mental illness on choices. In the author's own words: "Having a mental illness does not mean that a person loses the ability to make choices, or that he loses the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong." I disagree somewhat with this statement. Yes, I think come criminals try and utilize "insanity" in court cases immorally to avoid consequences. But I do believe that some people with extreme cases of bi-polar disorder and schizophrenia impacts their ability to make logical, healthy choices sometimes. Yes, they ultimately do something which is a "choice" like the author states, but, again, the author's stance is too extreme to discredit these mental factors' influence on choices. Another PBS documentary on mental illness that I watched highlighted a young boy who has been in an out of juvenile detention for aggressive disorder. Mental healthcare professionals are trying to help diagnose him and try different medications. In his interview, the boy doesn't like when he acts aggressive; he feels bad on how it hurts his family. He describes it as his mind turning black and that no matter what he can't control the rage. He's working at trying to better recognize feelings & circumstances that lead to the "point of no return" so as to not go there. Again, the strong language used by this author would discredit the impact that this child's mental illness has on his choices.
Lastly, having studied child development in college, the author treats adult and child cognitive ability as the same. THIS IS NOT THE CASE. Children and young adults do lack strength in thinking/projecting the consequences of choices. Because the prefrontal cortex is still developing, teenagers might rely on a part of the brain called the amygdala to make decisions and solve problems more than adults do. The amygdala is associated with emotions, impulses, aggression and instinctive behavior. This further hurt the author's "authority" in my mind.