A useful course. Here’s my notes:
Lesson 1 - 4 Levels of Editing
There are four levels of editing:
1) Developmental (substantive or structural) editing - looks at the big picture and analyses how well the story works as a whole (1. Character 2. Structure 3. Pacing)
2) Line editing - looks for clarity and flow at the paragraph/sentence level. (1. Cut unnecessary passages 2. Improve transitions 3. Change from passive to active voice/ tense shifts 4. Improve word choice) Remember: Do not correct typos at this stage; it is a waste of time.
3) Copy editing (includes grammar, spelling, internal consistency of character and plot details e.g. hair colour, fact-checking.) Authors generally don’t do copy editing or proofreading themselves. Most popular style guides: AP for journalism, Chicago for Fiction/Nonfiction/Essays
4) Proofreading (fixing typos and checking how the piece will look when published). In proofreading one would also consider type-setting: eliminate widows (single words on their own line) and orphans (final line of a paragraph at the top of a page)
There are professional copy editors and professional proofreaders and they do different jobs. When self-publishing people will hire these.
Lesson 2 - Planning Your Edit
Do not edit too soon. Practise not editing too soon.
Complete a rough draft.
Focus on improving the text rather than correcting errors.
Figure out how you can best receive feedback - feedback group, asking specific questions, etc.
When giving feedback - try to answer specific questions the author is asking about the piece (e.g. does this character seem realistic?), use compliment sandwiches.
Experiment with reading things in new ways: in new locations, printed out, reading aloud, reading to someone, hearing someone read it, in a different typeface. Set a timer and edit as fast as possible and then take breaks - the breaks are when your brain will solve problems.
Lesson 3 - Editing for Plot and Structure
When asked what is the plot? Lots of people will give the premise or the set-up to the book: it is about the lone survivor of a zombie apocalypse. But this is not really what the book is about: The plot is what actually happens in the story - the cause and effect events which allow a character to grow and change.
Structure on the other hand is about how one organises the plot - the order and way you give information to the reader.
Plot is driven by asking what the protagonist wants and linking the pursuit of it with: so, but, therefore (not then).
3 Act structure:
Act 1 - Protagonist pulled into conflict
Act 2 - He is farther from his goal
Act 3 - Resolution
There are 15 story beats found in all movies and stories. Save the Cat is a writing manual, story structure, and plotting method devised by Hollywood screenwriter Blake Snyder. Originally intended for writing screenplays, the method is now also popular with novelists, providing writers with a framework to plan their story with theme, character development, and pacing in mind.
Since Snyder’s sheet was originally created for screenwriting, the bracketed number by each beat is the page or pages that it would take up of a standard 110-page screenplay. The beats are as follows:
1) Opening Image [1]: An opening snapshot.
2) Theme Stated [5]: We are introduced to the central theme or lesson of the story.
3) Set Up [1-10]: The hero and the 'ordinary world' are introduced.
4) Catalyst [12]: Something happens that sets the story in motion.
5) Debate [12-25]: The hero is hesitant to take action.
6) Break Into Two [25]: The hero takes up the challenge.
7) B Story [30]: The subplot kicks in, introducing a character who helps the hero in their transformation.
8) Fun and Games [30-55]: The hero in the throes of their challenge or journey.
9) Midpoint [55]: The stakes are raised.
10) Bad Guys Close In [55-75]: Things start going downhill for the hero.
11) All is Lost [75]: Things go from bad to worse. The hero hits rock bottom.
12) Dark Night of the Soul [75-85]: Faced with defeat, the hero must reckon with their loss and how they got there.
13) Break Into Three [85]: The hero realizes a truth that’s been evading him all this time.
14) Finale [85-110]: Putting his new awareness into action, the hero conquers the bad guys.
15) Final Image [110]: A snapshot that mirrors or contrasts the opening image.
The writer should be able to describe each beat with just one or two sentences. As Snyder says, “I learned that if I can’t fill in the blank in one or two sentences — I don’t have a beat yet! I am just guessing. I am treading water, about to drown.”
Need to connect the protagonists need, want, and flaw to the story
Lesson 4 - Editing for Dynamic Characters
Wasn’t interested - didn’t find helpful.
Lesson 5 - Tackling Point of View
There are three main problems writers face with point of view:
Switching from third person limited to third person omniscient
Head Hopping - jumping between different characters POV mid scene. Establish POV character immediately.
Filtering - using words which put a barrier between the character and the reader. E.g. looked, felt, saw, noticed, knew. These are common in rough drafts but one should try to edit them into concrete actions so that the reader can live in the head of the character without being reminded that there is distance between them and the character.
Lesson 6 - Scene vs Narration
Many stories struggle with pacing especially in the second act ‘a sagging middle’. The best way to resolve this is to push the characters to transform.
Typical 3 Act Structure:
Act 1: 20%
Act 2: 60%
Act 3: 20%
Too much narration or summary is the most common pace killer in books.
The main things authors don’t cut which harm their writing: backstory, world-building, background research. These need to be shown, not told.
When they need to be told: weave in these things when they are necessary, and remember, it is good to leave readers with questions about the characters/world. This creates intrigue and allows room for their imagination.
There are three ways to transition using narration:
1) Time jumps - Jumping forward to a later time. E.g. “a few days later”
2) Travelling (almost always include time jump as well) “He boarded the bus for Denver at nightfall”
3) Voice-over bridge: when the narrator interrupts to move the story forward.
On a micro-level, use shorter/longer sentences to control pacing.
To speed up: use more dialogue and action scenes, and small cliff-hangers (just creating questions for the reader).
To slow down: use more internal thought, description and longer paragraphs.
Paragraphs under five sentences are for fast-paced writing.
Lee Childs “write the fast stuff fast and the slow stuff slow”
Lesson 7: Building Stronger Scenes
Try taking a break from the manuscript and then reconstructing scenes from memory as a way of figuring out what is strong and essential.
Remove or rewrite scenes with a lack of conflict, change or proactiveness from the protagonist.
Modern readers are used to 3-7 scenes per chapter
Lesson 8: Showing vs Telling
This lesson gives some examples of how to spot and change ‘telling not showing’. The key lesson though is to show what is interesting and important and to tell what really needs to be told to keep the story moving.
Lesson 9: Dialogue that Sparkles
Don’t over explain in dialogue.
Dialogue can’t be too real because real dialogue is often filled with small talk and boring moments. Dialogue needs purpose and/or conflict.
Characters should either have an opposing viewpoint or an opposing goal.
Leaning on adverbs is a sign of weak dialogue.
Most manuscripts have too much internal monologue.
Lesson 10: Sentences that Sizzle
Adverbs are useful in drafting, but they can often be unnecessary if you find the right verb.
Use adverbs when (1) it communicates meaning better than a stronger verb could, or (2) it changes the meaning of the verb it modifies (e.g. ‘she laughed happily’ is redundant but ‘she laughed sadly’ works.
Common Adjectives (e.g. good, dark, loud) are often useless. Avoid redundant adjectives and excessive adjectives.
Swap adjectives for nouns, except where the adjectives: (1) contain crucial information that a noun couldn’t, and (2) change the meaning of the noun.
Molly McCowan suggests removing 90% of adverbs and 80% of adjectives and replacing them (if necessary) with stronger verbs/nouns or lines which don’t need adverbs/adjectives, e.g. instead of ‘big potatoes’ try ‘potatoes the size of grapefruits’
Use a light touch with adjectives especially in character descriptions and let the readers bring their imagination to the story.
Lesson 11: Pruning your Prose
George Orwell wrote a parody of Ecclesiastes 9:11 designed to ridicule the bloated writing of his day:
“Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account.”
The traditional version:
"I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, not the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all." Ecclesiastes 9:11, King James Version
Lesson 12: Grammar Rules
If someone says never end a sentence with a preposition, quote them this saying falsely attributed to Winston Churchill “This is the sort of thing up with which I will not put.”