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582 pages, Mass Market Paperback
First published November 1, 2013
...was fortunate to have acquired what remains the oldest Arabic manuscript of the Nights and the most significant evidence for the work´s history and literary character. It was his translation of the first volume of his manuscript that generated [a] remarkable interest in the Nights. He understood the significance of this manuscript...The antiquarian correctly anticipated popular demand for the Nights, to the extent of publicly declaring in 1704 that he planned to translate and publish the complete collection of stories. There was one snag though; his Arabic manuscript only contained 282 nights...
He waited and hoped for more volumes from Syria. Then he decided to fabricate his own continuationBy happenstance, Galland had already translated and published the cycle of seven Sinbad stories, which have never appeared in any Arabic source of the Nights and which lack its characteristic framing device, the Shahrazad story. Galland added the device to the Sinbad stories and inserted them into his translation of the Nights. Mahdi is scathing:
[He]e should have consulted classical Arabic biographical and bibliographic works, such as the Fihrist of al-Nadim, describe in d´Herbelot´s Bibliotheque. He would have ascertained that "Sinbad" was an independent story having nothing to do with the Nights.In any case, he announced he would be dropping the framing device which gave him the breathing room necesarry to slip in stories from other manuscripts. By the time the eighth volume of the translation was due to be published (1709) the publisher, who had presumably tired of waiting for Galland, added two stories translated by a colleague and meant for another book, without consulting either of the two translators!
Galland falls under the spell of the title: A Thousand and One Nights. He embraced the myth of an Arabic original containing that many Nights and whiled away years hoping to receive a complete copy from the Orient. When a copy of the whole work failed to materialize, he contrived a French version of his own, offering innocent readers what looked like a translation of the whole Arabic original. He had fabricated part of it, including a thousand and first Night. He persistently withheld information from his readers and even misled them occasionally about what he was doing. He was the first Western writer to wish for the number of Nights indicated by the title and, after a fruitless search, to create the missing portion himself.Mahdi tries to follow the twists and turns of the Nights after Galland and up to 1843, as Dom Denis Chavis, Jacques Cazotte, Caussin de Perceval, Edouard Gauttier and Josef Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall in France added new stories from far-flung and very dubious sources in Syria, Egypt and Turkey, resorted to inventing tales and embellishments of their own and and even translated the french stories back into Arabic to forge new and ever more “complete” manuscripts. From 1814 to 1843 four editions of the “Nights” appear in the British sphere of influence (the so-called two Bulaq and the two Calcutta editions) until two of the specialists are forced to conclude that:
[T]he greater the number of tales, the more frequent the plagiaries [from Sanskrit and elsewhere] and intercalations; and such being the case, “we may be assured [...] that the more voluminous the edition of the thousand and one nights the worse it will be.Unfortunately, for all Muhsin Mahdi´s attention to detail, or perhaps because of it, the book´s structure falls apart and becomes extremely hard to follow and confusing.