Was Atlantis an outpost of the Hyperboreans? Was the Grail a stone which fell from the forehead of Lucifer? Is the swastika the Sign of the Pole?
These are just three of the questions to which this book provides sometimes controversial, but always thought-provoking, answers.
Back in the Eighties a friend, sadly now deceased, introduced me to two books which would have a profound effect on my thinking about myths and symbols. The first – 'Holy Blood, Holy Grail' – set me on to the study of Gnosticism – a study which, I think it is fair to say, is unlikely ever to be exhausted. The second (the first English translation of René Guénon’s 'Le Roi du Monde') introduced me to a different, non-dualist gnosis – that which is sometimes known as the primordial or integral Tradition, a variation on the Perennial Philosophy or Wisdom (Sophia Perennis).
This Tradition – the capital ‘T’ is important because we are talking about an approach to the Real that goes far beyond religious ‘conservatism’ as it is usually understood – is believed by René Guénon and his followers to derive from a spiritual centre located both symbolically and geographically at the North Pole. From this World Centre were derived secondary outposts which continued to preserve the Tradition long after the primordial one became inaccessible to all but a handful of initiates.
The Supreme Centre of our cycle of manifestation or Great Year (Mahayuga) is called Thule, but is known in folklore as the Land at the Back of the North Wind (Hyperborea). It is also called the White Island and is the archetype of all ‘sacred isles’ – including Atlantis, a spiritual centre which governs a secondary historical cycle – the Silver Age, which succeeds the Hyperborean Golden Age.
But while the Boreal Thule is lost or hidden, its symbols survive. Its ruler, a priest-king who embodies both (pontifical) spiritual authority and (regnal) temporal power, is remembered as Melchizedek or Prester John. Thule itself, Guénon writes, “constitutes the fixed point known symbolically to all traditions as the ‘pole’ or axis around which the world rotates … Such is the true significance of the swastika, seen world-wide, from the Far East to the Far West, which is intrinsically the ‘sign of the pole.’ It is doubtless here, for the first time in modern Europe, that its real sense has been made known.” Guénon, it should be said, was writing in 1927, six years before a regime came to power which would ensure that the swastika was forever afterwards a sign of something very different.
Perhaps the most powerful symbol of the lost Tradition in the West is the Holy Grail, which is sometimes said to have five forms, the last being a chalice. A late medieval German poem describes the Grail as an emerald fallen from the crown of Lucifer and fashioned into a chalice, which was used by Christ at the Last Supper. In a dazzling display of symbolic certitude, Guénon explains how the medieval author got it wrong: The emerald dropped from Lucifer’s forehead, rather than from his crown: “there is a confusion here, occurring because Lucifer, before his fall, was the ‘Angel of the Crown’ (i.e. of Kether, the first Sephirah), in Hebrew Hakathriel” – all this, it should be said, like many more such fascinating symbolic exegeses, tucked into one of the innumerable footnotes which grace the pages of this slim volume.
The chalice, which conveys the sense of Eternity, is given to Adam in the Earthly Paradise, but he has to leave it behind when he is banished from Eden. His son Seth is allowed to retrieve it and establish a new spiritual centre in the image of the lost Paradise, where the primordial Tradition can be preserved in its integrity; and, although we do not know the location of this centre, Celtic legend suggests that the Druids should be counted among its guardians until the time of Christ.
Despite the plethora of footnotes, Guénon gives no sources for his rewriting of the medieval Grail story, relying perhaps on the authority of his own intellectual intuition. The Grail is, in any case, an alchemical symbol which is always transmuting. I welcome Guénon’s mythic variations, although I distrust his air of infallibility. I would like him to give more importance to that ‘intermediary space’ which he calls “the world of subtle or psychic manifestation” and in which “corporeal manifestation” and “the non-manifest world of the Principle” are reconciled.
Reconciliation in fact seems the last thing on Guénon’s mind in many of his other works in which he launches into an attack on a world which has lost the Grail and turned its back on Tradition. He was not surprisingly a big influence on Julius Evola, who discusses Hyperborea and Atlantis in his book 'The Revolt Against the Modern World' (the title says it all, really), first published in Italy seven years after 'Le Roi du Monde' appeared. In a later book, 'The Mystery of the Grail', Evola explores the symbolism of the priest-king in the Arthurian cycle and highlights the question the hero must ask if he is to heal the Maimed King and restore the Waste Land: Where is the Grail?
This question is also taken up by the historian of religion Mircea Eliade, who understands it to mean that the world has lost its sacred centre; and, consequently, is perishing from lack of imagination. Whereas Guénon stresses the tension of the opposites (“the spiritual order is analogous to the material order, but upside down, and the mark of the demon is to take everything backwards”), Eliade stresses the “reconciling principle” which Guénon identifies with “the cosmic vitality, the Anima Mundi of the Hermeticists” – the creative imagination, which enables us to perceive the ‘intermediary space’ of the soul. It is the alchemical imagination which enables us to transmute corporeal into psychic manifestation and “rejoin that unique place in which all things are contemplated from the standpoint of eternity.”
If you have enjoyed this review you may also want to read my blog: Myth Dancing (incorporating the Twenty Third Letter).