Understanding E-Carceration: Electronic Monitoring, the Surveillance State, and the Future of Mass Incarceration

by James Kilgore

A riveting primer on the growing trend of surveillance, monitoring, and control that is extending our prison system beyond physical walls and into a dark future--by the prize-winning author of Understanding Mass Incarceration


"James Kilgore is one of my favorite commentators regarding the phenomenon of mass incarceration and the necessity of pursuing truly transformative change." --Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow

In the last decade, as the critique of mass incarceration has grown more powerful, many reformers have embraced changes that release people from prisons and jails. As educator, author, and activist James Kilgore brilliantly shows, these rapidly spreading reforms largely fall under the heading of "e-carceration"--a range of punitive technological interventions, from ankle monitors to facial recognition apps, that deprive people of their liberty, all in the name of ending mass incarceration.



E-carceration can block people's access to employment, housing, healthcare, and even the chance to spend time with loved ones. Many of these technologies gather data that lands in corporate and government databases and may lead to further punishment or the marketing of their data to Big Tech.



This riveting primer on the world of techno-punishment comes from the author of the National Book Award-winning Understanding Mass Incarceration. Himself a survivor of prison and e-carceration, Kilgore captures the breadth and complexity of these technologies and offers inspiring ideas on how to resist.

Genres: Nonfiction, Politics, Crime

224 pages, Paperback

Published January 18, 2022

Reviews

[David Wineberg · Rating 4 out of 5]

Electronic Monitoring is a very big business. America is closing in on half a million people on ankle bracelets that can not merely give their precise location, but biometrics like heartbeats and even their tone of voice. At the slightest suspicion, the police can show up, without warrants, and haul them in again. This is the world of James Kilgore, who has written Understanding E-Carceration from his own experience and his work to stop it.

As America moves through mass criminalization, it has branched out beyond the walls of prisons, which are not merely bursting at the seams, but horrendously understaffed and underequipped as well. And since they represent far more than their share of prisoners, Blacks and immigrants also represent far more than their share of electronic monitoring (EM) clients.

While most will think EM is a privilege over being in prison, the truth is far different. Police add so many restrictions to movement that life becomes all but impossible on EM. The slightest infraction, from not having the bracelet charged, to stepping out to say, take out the trash, could have a patrol car screaming to a stop at the house, and the wearer being taken in and sent back to prison, no questions asked. Getting to a job interview takes days to negotiate with the minders, and employers are not thrilled to be told the candidate will try to get back to them later in the week.

Examples of reasons for being sent back to prison are the stuff of Alice in Wonderland: “These alerts,” Kilgore says, ”could have been triggered by anything from the wearer scratching their leg under the device to the user entering a concrete building where the signal could not penetrate. In 2013, journalist Mario Koran of the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism reported on a number of cases where people were sent back to prison because of false alarms triggered by their ankle monitor.”

And if that weren’t bad enough, it costs plenty for the privilege. Daily fees range from $5 to $40, up to $300 for setup and over a thousand if lost or damaged. For people arrested over crimes of poverty, being without work and saddled with this new bill of $240 a month can mean going without food. It can dramatically increase stress in the family.

EM is a new profit center, not a step up from prison. It is an open air prison to those in its grip. They are angry and bitter that they took this option rather than rot in jail. It is not only no better, it is often significantly worse. Going to see a doctor or the emergency room requires permission days in advance. And if the hospital happens to prevent the signal from reaching the monitoring center, the police will show up and take the patient away for breaking parole.

In other words, EM is far more intrusive and restrictive than prison. It is walking on eggshells within the tiny space of a home. And it’s not like wearers can move to another town and start over. They are confined to quarters.

It is also far more common than we think. In Marion County, Indiana, more than 14,000 people are on EM at some point in the year. “Students in a Los Angeles high school reported the presence of special rooms for students to plug in their monitors. For those without houses or without power in their houses, the local McDonalds has become a hangout not for the fries or the Egg McMuffins, but because it has wall plugs to connect and ankle monitor.”

So EM is in no way rehabilitation. It in no way reacclimates prisoners to life on the outside. It doesn’t help them socialize, or train or adapt to society. It is instead a further burden, a strain on finances and on family relationships. For the homeless and impoverished, it takes over their lives, if only in the search for recharging the thing before the cops find out. One man was commanded to go back into his burning house to retrieve the base unit or he’d land back in prison, Kilgore says.

EM is not so much an alternative to incarceration as a condition of release. It does not ease petty criminals back if they had committed minor offenses. It bears no connection to freedom. It is the most invasive surveillance Americans undergo. And there’s more to come, Kilgore shows.

Kilgore follows developments in hardware and software, as firms like Palantir develop platforms to help police predict where and when new crimes will be committed, based on all the data collected from EM, cellphones, security cameras, social media, facial recognition, police records and even drivers’ licenses. He says to beware of the internet of things, which will soon be contributing to tracking everyone’s activities – when they change the thermostat settings, turn the lights off and close the blinds, open the refrigerator door or watch tv.

But there’s more to Kilgore than that. He reaches out to Gaza, where millions have been prisoners in an overstuffed refugee camp for multiple generations now, with absolutely zero hope of becoming citizens of any country. They are monitored continuously, providing endless data with facial recognition, movements, communications and existence. He also enlarges the scope of the book with his takes on abolition – the potential to live without prisons at all. This all seems to be too much and off topic until you read about Kilgore himself.

If the name is at all familiar, it is because of Kilgore’s prominence in the Symbionese Liberation Army, of Patty Hearst fame. He escaped the clutches of justice and lived vicariously for a quarter of a century before being re-captured. He had managed to build a new life, even earning a Phd under an assumed name. After over six years in prison back home, he was released – onto EM. But his politics shine through. His bent towards reversing inequality and overcoming racism are present throughout.

He is still passionately against inequality in the justice system. He cites Dorothy Roberts: ”All institutions in the United States increasingly address social inequality by punishing the communities that are most marginalized by it.” And it is rapidly getting worse, as 12 states now permit not merely parole EM, but lifetime EM with GPS.

People on EM are discriminated against. Kilgore tells of one woman who gave birth in a hospital, when a staffer noticed her ankle bracelet and called the police. That forced her to remain there for an extra (and expensive) day and half while an investigation took place. EM carries the same sort of stigma that sexual offenders lists (with nearly one million listed) provide, with similar prohibitions on movement. EM can also be used to ensure wearers don’t come too close to someone carrying their own device, provided to protect them from the presence of the wearer. Anyone can call the police with suspicion of malfeasance, just because they notice the ankle bracelet. Charging it in a public place makes the wearer stand out, an obvious target for the paranoid or prejudiced.

And the courts don’t help. Wearers must sign away their constitutional rights to unreasonable search and seizure, unannounced, at any time and for no reason at all: “The US Supreme Court agreed that people on parole ‘agree in writing to be subject to a search or seizure by parole officer or other peace officer at any time of the day or night, with or without a search warrant and with or without cause.’ The ‘no-knock’ open-door applies not only to their person but to their residence, workplace and other surroundings. For people who are under some sort of carcereal control or surveillance, social impact bonds may ultimately expand state and corporate access to data related to new aspects of their daily lives, without the requirement of even a digital search warrant.”

The first half of the book is the strongest, as Kilgore has himself worked to reign in the use and abuse of EM. He reveals a subworld most readers will visit for the first time here. But when he branches out to Gaza, abolition, rights and freedoms, it’s more superficial. Those chapters lack the depth of his explanations of EM. Kilgore has not visited Gaza to bring back any sort of firsthand experience or reporting, while the various US community groups against prisons all seem to spout the same complaints, adding heat but not light to the argument. But through it all, Kilgore is organized, competent and authoritative, exposing yet another way life being made untenable in the age of high tech.

David Wineberg

If you liked this review, I invite you to read more in my book The Straight Dope. It’s an essay collection based on my first thousand reviews and what I learned. Right now it’s FREE for Prime members, otherwise — cheap! Reputed to be fascinating and a superfast read. https://www.amazon.com/Straight-Dope-...

[Tyler · Rating 1 out of 5]

News flash: when you commit a crime, you are relinquishing your rights to freedom.

Kilgore was a fugitive for 27 years who talks about how painstaking his lack of privacy in prison was and how an ankle monitor was no better. Really? It was just as bad as prison?

Kilgore never mentions the reason he was wanted. You can look it up yourself online. But it is clear he shows no remorse for the crimes he committed and doesn’t feel as though he needed to serve the time he did.

Electronic monitoring is downright terrifying. That’s why I don’t use wearable technology or own an Echo. I only have a smartphone because it’s really difficult to live without one in this era, although I toy with the idea of replacing it with a “dumb phone” often.

Kilgore’s research on this subject is well done, but it’s extremely one-sided. I think it would only speak to those who have been previously incarcerated and believe that they were wrongly incarcerated. It takes a criminal with a special level of entitlement to spend an entire book speaking about criminals as if they are the true victims.

If you are an actual victim of a crime or you can think reasonably about the criminal justice system, this book is not for you. Are there injustices done to the incarcerated? Yes, everyday. Did this book make me feel the least bit sorry for those who are electronically monitored? Nope.

I feel thankful that children who were the victims of sexual crimes, and their parents, know that the criminals who hurt them are being constantly monitored. I wouldn’t recommend this book in a million years.

I received this book as a Goodreads giveaway, and this is my honest opinion.

[Katie · Rating 5 out of 5]

I received a free ARC of this book from the publisher after winning a giveaway. It is a highly researched book on the history of electronic monitoring of people who are released from incarceration. It also gives an indepth critical analysis of mass surveillance and the privatization of data in Big Tech, as well as looks at the future of "open air prisons" and the work abolitionists are doing to dismantle systems that are invasive, harmful, and counterproductive. There is interesting information on the continued practice of electronic monitoring via ankle monitors despite there being zero empirical evidence to show they actually improve community safety and decrease the likelihood of a person re-offending. Kilgore illustrates how technology has revolutionized the surveillance state and how our data is used to predict and persuade our behaviors. His arguments are compelling and it was refreshing to see that the author took the time to address the issues of race, class, and gender as well as his own privilege despite being personally impacted by these systems. This book also includes information on surveillance and data tracking during the Covid-19 pandemic, why Ring doorbells are problematic, and how most of the technology we crave today was first developed as part of controlling people involved with the Dept of Corrections. If you are interested in the Prison Industrial Complex, social justice reform, and humanizing those impacted by the criminal legal system, this is a great book to check out.

[Josee · Rating 3 out of 5]

This book touches on many subjects, but its main focus is electronic monitoring and data collection. The author James Kilgore, provides a well researched history as well as current status of how big companies are using biometrics and algorithms to track people’s data and how it’s used against us since we don’t know how or who is using the data. Kilgore mainly touches on how monitoring with devices such as ankle monitors effect the lives of people dealing with the justice system or are in prison or probation, despite their being no concrete data that this type of monitoring actually works. In the age of Covid and the public gaining awareness of systematic bias and racial prejudices, there has been a greater pressure to come up with alternatives to prison.
I agree and acknowledge that people who are caught in the system face many unfair challenges, especially after they’ve served their time, but one thing this book barely acknowledges are the actual victims of violent crimes. Kilgore begins the book by recounting his own years of being a convict, being on the run, serving time and how being placed on an ankle monitor caused him hardship and his disdain for the police. However, he never mentions what landed him in prison and there is no mention at all that while yes, the idea of prison and how we handle prisoners is archaic, that there are still dangerous people out there who do threaten the safety of the public. How we are to deal with these people is never brought up. When talking about the unfairness of the sex offender registry the author refers to “victims” of these crimes in quotes as if every one on that list is innocent. The one example he uses from an actual victim of crime is from a battered woman who doesn’t want her abusive boyfriend to go to jail because he provides for her and this is supposed to show that even “victims” don’t agree with prison. This is hard to swallow.

So I did find this book well researched on the subject of the effects of e-carceration, big data and the scary depths at which our devices are tracking us, I found it sorely lacking in addressing the point of view of victims who may not care that their stalker finds his ankle monitor restrictive or got sent back to prison for violating

[J Earl · Rating 5 out of 5]

Understanding E-Carceration by James Kilgore is an excellent primer on the broad topic of the surveillance state and how it serves to expand the number under the carceral umbrella while reducing the number in physical prison.

While a significant portion of this book, and indeed much of what I have read elsewhere, highlights the conditions in the United States, the problem is both international in scope and used in different ways under different regimes around the world. This is included here and needs to be addressed but many readers of this book will likely be in the US and, since we imprison a far greater percentage of our citizens than other nations, it makes for an excellent example of the harm being done.

No doubt those happy to have a so-called justice system that unequally applies and enforces the law will find fault with the idea that someone convicted (not always guilty but convicted nonetheless) is still human and deserves to be treated as such. While this book would do them the most good they likely won't read it with an open mind, so I am finished discussing them.

For those unsure why some of what has been touted as prison and/or justice reform is not as positive as it might sound, I would suggest reading this. The writing is straightforward and will lend itself to a quick reading. I would suggest slowing down and maybe looking up some of the sources mentioned. If you see the merit in Kilgore's argument but want to learn more before making up your mind, that makes perfect sense.

I didn't go through the notes and jot down every resource, so I may be redundant here. But here are a few books that I am familiar with that would make excellent companion reads. I know he mentions Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow, and that is an excellent place to start. I would also recommend "I Have Nothing to Hide": And 20 Other Myths About Surveillance and Privacy by Heidi Boghosian, Prison and Social Death by Joshua M Price, and Prison By Any Other Name by Maya Schenwar and Victoria Law. There are other very good books as well but these are ones I know very well.

I would recommend this book to anyone, no matter where they may currently stand on the issue, who truly wants to make society as a whole better and more equitable for all. The writing is clear, the examples and analogies make sense, and the suggestions are, at the very least, good starting points.

Reviewed from a copy made available by the publisher via NetGalley.

[Danielle | Dogmombookworm · Rating 4 out of 5]

UNDERSTANDING E-CARCERATION |

Between forced imprisonment and being electronically monitored (EM), you may think isn't it more benign to be monitored in your own home? Eat your own food with your family, even if you can only leave your house for pre-planned pre-approved events (even if it is only 1hr a week to grocery shop)? That has to be better.

Kilgore himself was alectronically monitored and he explains how invasive it is to bring the prison into your home, to involve your family in: restrictions such that you cannot adequately hold a job to earn a living wage, all while you are forced to pay for the EM device, recharge the device every few hrs, and in the event of an emergency you'd better not chance it, else risk massive fines and re imprisonment.

Electronic monitoring is one such example that Gilmore goes through to explain the new systems of e-carceration.

The same tech that we should all be worried about like facial recognition, online/app tracking, & creation of digital profiles apply to the ways that the prisons as businesses will mine data to productize and create new products and services.

Beyond the individual restrictions and worries above, there are larger and broader impacts as it relates to communities, and ethnic/racial populations.

▪️ used by ICE and CBP for creating a wider database and network to search and create digital profiles for tracking immigrants and arrests
▪ as shown during COVID, carceral tech steps in to provide "solution" that is not a solution while presenting as "reform"
▪ open air prisons in Palestine that show the farthest stretches of what confinement and disregard for freedom and human life are doing

The book was very readable and spans a wide array of tech and topics that are relevant and necessary to be thinking about.

We must remain alert against the new forms of incarceration, esp those that falsely masquerade as reformist, that tighten the holds of surveillance even tighter.
(4.25)