The Flivver King
The Flivver King is the story of the attempted unionization of the Ford Motor Company and was the final “muckraking” novel written by Upton Sinclair. I downloaded a fiftieth anniversary edition of the original 1937 publication from Internet Archive, which was used by the United Auto Workers as the main tool of their unionizing efforts. This commemorative edition, published by Charles H. Kerr & Co., was typeset in the original two-column format and contained a very enlightening introduction by Steve Meyer, Assistant Professor of History at Illinois Institute of Technology. To add an element of authenticity to my “manufactured e-book,” I used the original cover downloaded from Wikipedia, and substituted it for the first edition cover published by Charles H. Kerr & Co. that was intended for the general public; I have “built” several of my e-library volumes in this manner as it is the next best thing to having an original copy of a novel and helps put the story in a historical perspective, thus making for a unique reading experience.
Sinclair wrote a powerful story to convey Henry Ford’s unique form of capitalism to the original readers of this novelette; the fledgling United Auto Workers union ordered 200,000 copies of The Flivver King, which were self-published by the author, and sold them for 25 cents per copy to the employees of the Ford Motor Company. Mr. Sinclair used members of the fictional Shutt family, some of which were employed by Mr. Ford, to convey his powerful message that the workers employed by the Ford Motor Company were “wage slaves” to Henry Ford’s empire. The Flivver King was a very effective organizing tool.
The story begins in 1892 as Henry Ford, an employee of the Detroit Edison Electric Company is building his first automobile in his backyard garage. Sinclair's dating is historically inaccurate by four years as Mr. Ford built his first “horseless carriage” in 1896; perhaps the author used Ford's early version of his own PR as he was notorious for “adjusting” his resume to portray himself as the true pioneer of the American automobile. Sinclair wrote The Flivver King under a tight deadline, so it stands to reason he would have used some background information that was readily available. The story's main character is introduced as a teenage boy named Abner Shutt, who lives across the alley from Mr. Ford; along with his buddies, he watches the rather aloof “neighborhood crank” tinker with his “motorized wagon.” After many hours of grueling intellectual and manual labor, Mr. Ford eventually reaches the moment of truth and in early June he takes his “horseless carriage” for a spin; but, on the return trip it breaks down and the future American industrialist has to push it home. Later that summer Mr. Ford had perfected his “devil wagon,” as his neighbors began calling his automotive creation; Henry and his wife were often seen cruising the streets of Detroit in his primitive “horseless carriage.” The neighborhood “crank” and his wife didn't have to worry about pushing it home or turning it around as Abner Shutt and his buddies became his “pit crew.”
As the story progresses, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 and Abner enters the work force as a shipping crate builder with a machine shop. Ford's company begins to prosper and after a few years Abner, now dissatisfied with his “dead end” job decides to ask his former neighbor for a position in his company. Henry remembers the young man and hires him; thus the story revolves around both Abner Shutt and Henry Ford, with their unique relationship culminating in the final chapter.
Sinclair does a superb job in The Flivver King of mixing factual events and fictionalization in his description of the the Ford Motor Company's early history. The story appealed to the original targeted audience as it created the all important personal perspective the fledgling union was trying to convey to its future members ... that the employees of Ford's multi-million dollar empire were more than just a cog in his industrial machine; without his labor force, Ford could not have built his empire. And, it appealed to me as a reader of historical fiction; Sinclair applies just the right mixture of fact and fiction to keep the story interesting.
As the story progresses, we watch Mr. Ford's fledgling company experience phenomenal growth. He built several horseless carriages over the succeeding years but these “motor cars,” as they were now called, were really no different from the other examples of this new mode of personal transportation that was used by the affluent members of Detroit. Mr. Ford wasn't satisfied with the product he was building, as he wanted to build a motor car for the “great multitude.” His dream was finally realized in September of 1908 when he settled on the motor car that would make him famous. Known by its simple name, the Model T, it was geared for the “working folks” to partake of this marvelous twentieth century mode of transportation that would eventually replace the horse and buggy.
Affectionately known by several nicknames, two of which were the “Tin Lizzy,” and as stated in the title of this story, “The Flivver,” Henry Ford's Model T was priced low enough for the average “Joe” to become a “motorist.” Sinclair mentions Henry Ford believed in selling an “automobile,” as the “motor car” had come to be known, for the average person to use in their daily activities. He certainly accomplished that goal; when the Model T finally ended production in 1927, the Ford Motor Company had sold 15 million “flivvers” worldwide. The Model T Ford continues to hold the record of the most produced make of any single unchanged model of American automobile; the Ford F-Series pickup and the Chevrolet Impala have surpassed this iconic automobile in numbers of units sold, but they both underwent numerous model changes. Henry Ford put America on wheels and in the process, became its first billionaire.
The Flivver King paints two pictures of Henry Ford; on one hand, we see the “good Henry,” the progressive individual who truly wants to help his fellow man by supplying him with an inexpensive but reliable mode of automotive transportation. Later, as the story progresses, we see the “bad Henry,” the ruthless, conniving capitalist who controls every aspect of the components comprised in his immense automotive company; and he now considered his employees as components; if a man can't cut it, then he's cast aside and a younger man takes his place. This was the opposite approach to the dream that Henry Ford pursued. The Michigan farm boy who became a self taught automotive engineer now had become a different man; as I read The Flivver King, I was reminded of the classic Robert Louis Stevenson story, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The descriptive perspective of a person who becomes two different people as depicted in Stevenson's classic story most certainly applies to Henry Ford; Mr. Ford didn't drink a homemade concoction that brought about his transformation, but something clicked in his mind that forever changed his life; so the concept of the “good Henry” versus the “bad Henry” is apparent in The Flivver King. Sinclair does a superb job displaying this concept to the reader; it is the central theme of this excellent story.
As the tidal wave of unionism began to take hold in America, several industries were targeted to promote the concepts of unionism as they related to the industrial work force. Sinclair was himself a huge believer in the “rights of man,” which were shoved to the forefront in three of the primary industries of the early twentieth century; these were the coal mining and oil drilling industries, and forty-five years later, the automotive manufacturing industry. Upton Sinclair wrote of the unionization of these three pillars of American commerce. The struggles were violent, but Sinclair pulled no punches ... he told it like it was in his muckraking novels, with The Flivver King being no exception. He describes the concept of scientific management, a process of breaking a skilled job down into simple steps, which enabled Ford to hire lower wage, less skilled individuals to do the same work; it wasn't long until they began speeding up the assembly line. This concept was practiced throughout the Ford Motor Company and conveyed to the reader through the thoughts and actions of the Shutt family. This literary device employed by the author is what made The Flivver King such a powerful unionizing tool as it inserted the actual Ford employees into the story.
Henry Ford was adamantly opposed to unionism and as mentioned earlier, the fledgling UAW commissioned the most famous muckraking author in the country to write a fictional story to persuade the largest automobile manufacturing company to treat its employees as more than just a cog in an immense industrial machine. To drive this message home, Sinclair gives The Flivver King a tragic, but strong ending. The story ends in 1937 with the Ford Motor Company continuing as a non union shop, but victory was on the horizon. As history records, Henry Ford's company went union in June of 1941, and Upton Sinclair's The Flivver King is primarily responsible for that UAW victory. A company pension was non-existent before the union was established ... by the same token, a guaranteed government pension was non-existent until a progressive Democrat president was elected in 1932.
The Flivver King is one of the best human interest stories I have read as it shows the fundamental reason why unions are so important ... an employee who can see they are working for a secure future, made possible by a union is a much better employee to have on a company payroll. As an employer, Henry Ford learned that lesson the hard way. Sinclair's excellent novelette also paints the tragic story of an idealistic capitalist who becomes a ruthless dictatorial oligarch in his latter years. It is ironic that this former idealistic capitalist almost succeeded in bankrupting his own company. After Henry's passing, the Ford Motor Company, now led by Henry's grandson, Henry Ford II, successfully reinvented itself with yet another innovative car ... the 1949 “Shoebox” Ford, and the Ford Motor Company regained first place among American domestic manufacturers. The company also enjoyed an excellent relationship with the UAW that culminated in a landmark pension plan and improved working conditions for the 115,000 employees of Henry Ford's innovative company. Of course, these later developments were not included in The Flivver King, as they occurred twelve years after Sinclair published his excellent story, but they serve as a means to bring this excellent narrative to a justifiable conclusion.Sinclair's The Flivver King served its purpose quite well as it laid the ground work that resulted in the eventual unionization of the Ford Motor Company.
Finally, The Flivver King is a timely story; it is just as relevant today as it was almost a century ago as the word “oligarchy” has recently become front page news in twenty-first century America with the emergence of our 47th president, who exhibits both oligarchial and dictatorial overtones. Upton Sinclair's The Flivver King, the story of the transformation of Henry Ford from an innovative automobile manufacturer, and an idealistic and progressive employer, to a ruthless and oligarchical dictator is clearly presented to the reader. In conclusion, I consider The Flivver King one of Upton Sinclair's best efforts; it is a powerful story that was used as an extremely effective union organizing tool to convey the detrimental effects of Henry Ford's unique form of capitalism to the original readers of this novelette, the employees of the Ford Motor Company. Despite its tragic, yet gripping conclusion, I enjoyed reading this excellent story and it is worthy of its five star rating. *****