The house where Esperanza Cordero lives with her family, on Mango Street in a predominantly Hispanic neighborhood of Chicago, is not the house that she would have wanted; at one point, she states that “I want a house on the hill like the ones with the gardens where Papa works.” But as chronicled by Sandra Cisneros, in her 1984 novel The House on Mango Street, Esperanza emerges as a perceptive and courageous young woman, trying against great odds to build a life for herself.
Author Cisneros’ life experiences are not exactly like those of protagonist Esperanza, but there are similarities. Cisneros grew up in a family that moved back and forth between Mexico and Chicago; as the only daughter of a family that also included six sons, she learned early that she would have to speak up if she were not to be overlooked. She studied poetry in the renowned creative-writing program of the University of Iowa; and her feelings of isolation there – Iowa is a beautiful state, but is not among the most diverse – may have nourished the way she emphasizes Esperanza’s loneliness in The House on Mango Street, as when Esperanza states early in the book that “Someday I will have a best friend all my own. One I can tell my secrets to. One who will understand my jokes without my having to explain them. Until then I am a red balloon, a balloon tied to an anchor” (p. 8).
The House on Mango Street consists of 44 vignettes. They vary in length, and many of them are quite short – a page or two, even a paragraph or two. Cisneros’ training as a poet serves her well, as she crafts what could be described as a novel made up of prose poems. That prose-quality comes through with particular strength in vignettes like “Darius & the Clouds,” in which a character not known for being eloquent, or even terribly bright, suddenly states that “You can never have too much sky. You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky, and sky can keep you safe when you are sad. Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky” (p. 33) The character’s observations reinforce the author’s emphasis on Mango Street as a place of limited possibilities.
The Chicago of The House on Mango Street is a landscape of cultural division. In “Those Who Don’t,” Esperanza reflects that “Those who don’t know any better come into our neighborhood scared. They think we’re dangerous. They think we will attack them with shiny knives. They are stupid people who are lost and got here by mistake” (p. 28). She finds their foolish fears ironical. At the same time, she acknowledges that, under other circumstances, she and her Latinx friends might feel much like those accidental visitors to Mango Street: “All brown all around, we are safe. But watch us drive into a neighborhood of another color and our knees go shakity-shake and our car windows get rolled up tight and our eyes look straight. Yeah. That is how it goes and goes” (p. 28).
An important theme of The House on Mango Street is the search for self-definition. Esperanza reflects in “My Name” that “In English my name means hope. In Spanish it means too many letters. It means sadness, it means waiting. It is like the number nine. A muddy color. It is the Mexican records my father plays on Sunday mornings, songs like sobbing” (p. 10).
As The House on Mango Street continues, it becomes clear that another important theme of the novel is the particularly difficult lot of Latina women in the community. They face, of course, racial and cultural discrimination from Chicago-area whites who control the lion’s share of power and money in Chicagoland. “Bums in the Attic” includes Esperanza’s musings on how the cultural geography of the Chicago metropolitan area reflects economic and class bias and cultural discrimination: “People who live on hills sleep so close to the stars they forget those of us who live so much on earth” (p. 86).
But the women of Mango Street also face gender oppression from Latino males who consider male privilege, and domination over women, to be their right by birth. “Marin” tells the story of one of Esperanza’s acquaintances – an older girl with a boyfriend in Puerto Rico. Older and pretty, Marin is considered “too much trouble” because “She is older and knows lots of things”. Women’s intelligence and autonomy, in other words, can be seen as a threat by many in this community. The vignette closes on a note that mixes imagery of hope, helplessness, and isolation: “Marin, under the streetlight, dancing by herself, is singing the same song somewhere. I know. Is waiting for a car to stop, a star to fall, someone to change her life” (p. 26).
Those same themes are emphasized in “A Smart Cookie,” in which Esperanza’s mother, while cooking a meal, tells Esperanza that “Shame is a bad thing, you know. It keeps you down. You want to know why I quit school? Because I didn’t have nice clothes. No clothes, but I had brains. Yup, she says disgusted, stirring again. I was a smart cookie then” (p. 90). The reader senses that Esperanza’s mother is warning her daughter: an education is the only thing that can save Esperanza from a lifetime as a second-class citizen along Mango Street.
A woman’s lack of choice in a difficult social situation is also an area of emphasis in “No Speak English,” a vignette that tells the story of Mamacita, “the big mama of the man across the street, third-floor front”. She has come with their baby from another country, and she only speaks eight words of English. She quarrels with her husband because she wants to go back to their native country and he doesn’t: “And then, to break her heart forever, the baby boy, who has begun to talk, starts to sing the Pepsi commercial he heard on T.V. No speak English, she says to the child in the language that sounds like tin. No speak English, no speak English, and bubbles into tears. No, no, no, as if she can’t believe her ears” (p. 77). The meaning of “No speak English” changes from “I don’t speak English” to “No! Don’t speak English!” Mamacita sees her son starting to imbibe the language and the commercialist values of a different culture, and she feels unable to do anything about it.
The potential danger that men pose to women and girls of the community is emphasized by “The First Job,” a vignette that describes a frightening incident from Esperanza’s first job at a photo-finishing shop on North Broadway:
I guess it was the time for the night shift or middle shift because a few people came in and punched the time clock, and an older Oriental man said hello and we talked for a while about my just starting, and he said we could be friends and next time to go in the lunchroom and sit with him, and I felt better. He had nice eyes and I didn’t feel so nervous anymore. Then he asked if I knew what day it was, and when I said I didn’t, he said it was his birthday and would I please give him a birthday kiss. I thought I would because he was so old and just as I was about to put my lips on his cheek, he grabs my face with both hands and kisses me hard on the mouth and doesn’t let go. (p. 54)
This passage looks ahead to later vignettes that emphasize the dangers of sexual assault for the women and girls of Mango Street. The presentation of this subject matter is restrained and responsible, and is all the more disturbing for that reason – part of why The House on Mango Street has faced banning attempts in various school and community libraries across the U.S.A.
Cisneros states, in the book’s preface, that she wanted to compose The House on Mango Street in such a way that readers from her community could turn to any place in the book, read one of the vignettes, and benefit from it, even if they hadn’t read the vignettes that came before. The book does seem to work that way, though there is a narrative line centering around Esperanza’s eventual decision to leave the community. In “The Three Sisters,” Esperanza goes to see three older women who are relatives of her friends Lucy and Rachel, and who have come into town after the death of Lucy and Rachel’s baby sister. Like three Fates, they offer Esperanza the chance to make a wish, assure her that her wish will come true, and add, “When you leave you must remember to come back for the others. A circle, understand? You will always be Esperanza. You will always be Mango Street. You can’t erase what you know. You can’t forget who you are” (p. 104).
And in “Mango Says Goodbye Sometimes,” the last vignette in the collection, Esperanza reflects on how her imminent departure from Mango Street is a Hasta luego (“See you later”) and not an Adios (“Goodbye”). She states quite directly that she intends to return, so that she can help others who are stuck in situations like what she has experienced, and she says of her fellow Latinas that “They will not know I have gone away to come back. For the ones I left behind. For the ones who cannot get out” (p. 109).
The concision of The House on Mango Street is key to its power and resonance. It is a book that one could read quickly – yet it would be a profound mistake to do so. This novel, with its poetic texture and its insights into character and culture, lends itself to repeat readings. Read it aloud, for a full appreciation of its poetic qualities.