Chapter 1 – Looking at Movies
p.7 – Recognizing a spectator’s tendency (especially when sitting in a dark theatre, staring at a large screen) to identify subconsciously with the camera’s viewpoint, early filmmaking pioneers created a film grammar (or cinematic language) that draws upon the way we automatically interpret visual information in our real lives, thus allowing audiences to absorb movie meaning intuitively… and instantly.
• Fade-out/fade-in
• Long-angle shot
• Cutting on action
p.10 – Cultural Invisibility – because so much of this occurs on an unconscious, emotional level, the casual viewer may be blind to the implied political, cultural, and ideological messages that help make the movie so appealing.
p.11 – Implicit and Explicit Meaning – implicit meaning is an association, connection, or inference that a viewer makes on the basis of the explicit meanings available on the surface of the movie.
Chapter 2 – Principles of Film Form
p.36 – Form and Content – we can define content as the subject of an artwork (what the work is about), and form as the means by which that subject is expressed and experienced.
In the world of movies, form is cinematic language: the tools and techniques that filmmakers use to convey meaning and mood to the viewer, including lighting, mise-en-scene, cinematography, performance, editing, and sound.
p.60 – Cinematic Language – Instead of arranging words into sentences, cinematic language combines and composes a variety of elements – for example, lighting, movement, sound, acting, and a number of camera effects – into single shots.
Chapter 3 – Types of Movies
p.67 – narrative structure – which includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement – helps filmmakers manipulate the viewer’s cinematic experience by selectively conforming to or diverging from audience expectations of storytelling.
Chapter 4 – Elements of Narrative
p.122 – What is Narrative?
• A story
• Fiction films (as opposed to documentary or experimental films)
• Cinematic structure that arranges events in a cause-and-effect sequence
• It infuses culture and our lives whenever we’re describing a sporting event, relating a dream, recalling a memory, or telling a joke, we humans tend to order events to convey meaning and engage the recipient
p.131 – Narrative Structure – basic formula that has evolved is calculated to engage and satisfy the receiver of the story.
The setup in the first act has to tell us what kind of a story we’re about to experience by establishing the normal world. A movie’s first few minutes lay out the rules of the universe that we will inhabit (or at least witness) for the next couple of hours.
p.132 – The inciting incident (also known as the catalyst) presents the character with the goal that will drive the rest of the narrative.
p.133 – Narrative depends on obstacles to block, or at least impede, or protagonist’s quest for the goal. The person, people, creature, or force responsible for obstructing our protagonist is known as the antagonist.
p.134 – Then the stakes rise. In other words, the deeper we get into the story, the greater the risk to our protagonist.
The stakes are rising because the obstacles are becoming increasingly difficult for our protagonist to navigate. Over the course of the second act, narrative typically builds toward a peak, a breaking point of sorts, as the conflict intensifies and goal remains out of reach. This rising action, and the tension it provokes, enhances our engagement with the ongoing narrative.
p.135 – Eventually, our protagonist must face a seemingly insurmountable obstacle, and our story must reach a turning point and work its way toward resolution and the third and final act. This narrative peak is called the crisis. The goal is in its greatest jeopardy, and an affirmative answer to the central question seems all but impossible.
The climax comes when the protagonist faces this major obstacle. In the process, usually the protagonist must take a great risk, make a significant sacrifice, or overcome a personal flaw. As the term implies, the climax tends to be the most impressive event in the movie.
p.136 – Once the goal is either gained or lost, it’s time for the resolution – the third act of falling action, in which the narrative wraps up loose ends and moves toward a conclusion.
p.137 – Narrative theory (sometimes called narratology) has a long history, starting with Aristotle and continuing with great vigor today. Aristotle said that a good story should have three sequential parts: a beginning, a middle, and an end – a concept that has influenced the history of playwriting and screenwriting.
p.140 – This discussion of narrative theory adapts material from and indebted to, Seymore Chatman, Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film (1978) and Coming to Terms: The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film (1990)