درباره عادت

by Clare Carlisle, حیدر خسروی (Translator)

عادت چیست؟ عادات ما را به ماشین بدل می‏‌کنند یا دست‏‌و‏بال‏مان را می‏‌گشایند تا کارهای خلاقانه‌‏تر بکنیم؟ چرا اسپینوزا، نیچه، کی‌‏یرکگور، پروست و برگسون همگی عادت را به نقد می‏‌کشند؟ آیا عادت را نعمت بدانیم یا لعنت؟
می‌توان گفت عادت در آن واحد هم نعمت است هم لعنت. از این نظر، به مفهوم یونانی فارماکون تنه می‌‏زند که دارویی است هم زهر و هم تریاق. ژاک دریدا از ایدۀ فارماکون برای توضیح دووجهی بودن نوشتار استفاده کرده، اما در مبحث عادت حتی از این هم بجاتر می‌‏نشیند؛ زیرا خصوصیات آرام‌‏بخش و مدهوش‏‌گر آن می‌‏تواند تنه‌‏به‌‏تنۀ وسواس و اعتیاد پیش برود. تعریف دریدا از نوشتار در مقاله‌‏اش با عنوان «دواخانۀ افلاطون» را می‌‏توان بی‏‌کم‌‏و‏کاست روی عادت نیز پیاده کرد: «تکرار بدون آگاهی».

Genres: Philosophy

Paperback

First published January 1, 2014

About the author

Clare Carlisle is a British philosopher and biographer. She is the author of books on Baruch Spinoza, Søren Kierkegaard, and George Eliot. She was born in Manchester in 1977. She studied philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge between 1995 and 2002. She is a professor at King's College London. In 2024 she gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews. Her writing has appeared in the Guardian, The Nation, the Times Literary Supplement, and the Los Angeles Review of Books.

Reviews

[Italo Lins Lemos · Rating 4 out of 5]

Clare Carlisle, em "On Habit", traz um panorama sobre algumas das concepções filosóficas clássicas sobre o hábito. O repertório da autora é amplo: vamos da ética das virtudes de Aristóteles à fruição da repetição em Marcel Proust, passando por Spinoza, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard e tantas outras figuras. Curiosamente, a sensação não é a de que estamos lendo um catálogo das posições desses autores, mas enfrentando o problema do caráter dual do hábito — o de possibilitar uma economia mental para as atividades cotidianas, e o perigo de automatizar a percepção dos objetos ao nosso redor —, e que, em seguida, esses autores apresentam as suas contribuições. A leitura é agradável e a erudição de Carlisle faz com que o leitor tenha vontade de continuar a pesquisa e busque as várias obras recomendadas.

[Shulamith Farhi · Rating 4 out of 5]

A lucid survey of philosophical theories of habit. Carlisle's deconstructive approach to habit as a pharmakon is helpful, and her discussion of Kierkegaard's Christian existentialism is surprising and provocative. As she points out, Kierkegaard's advocacy of a difficult form of faith targets a form of unthinking habituation cemented in the state religion, which Kierkegaard calls "habitual Christianity," culminating in the transformation of Christian thought into second nature. Building on Luther's critique of Aristotelian philosophy, Carlisle uncovers in Kierkegaard a hidden critique of voluntarism, a dimension of his thought that is lost whenever he is understood solely as a thinker of choice.

[Adriana · Rating 4 out of 5]

Highly impressed with the amount of subjects and points of view that are covered within this book. Habits consume each of our lives - Carlisle did an amazing job breaking them down. I especially loved Carlisle’s analysis regarding religion and habit.

[Jacob Villa · Rating 4 out of 5]

A helpful compilation.