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The Writing of the Gods: The Race to Decode the Rosetta Stone

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The fast-paced and “engrossing account” ( The New York Times Book Review ) of “one of the greatest breakthroughs in archaeological history” ( The Christian Science Monitor ): two rival geniuses in a race to decode the writing on one of the world’s most famous documents—the Rosetta Stone.

The Rosetta Stone is one of the most famous objects in the world, attracting millions of visitors to the British museum every year, and yet most people don’t really know what it is. Discovered in a pile of rubble in 1799, this slab of stone proved to be the key to unlocking a lost language that baffled scholars for centuries.

Carved in ancient Egypt, the Rosetta Stone carried the same message in different languages—in Greek using Greek letters, and in Egyptian using picture-writing called hieroglyphs. Until its discovery, no one in the world knew how to read the hieroglyphs that covered every temple and text and statue in Egypt.

Dominating the world for thirty centuries, ancient Egypt was the mightiest empire the world had ever known, yet everything about it—the pyramids, mummies, the Sphinx—was shrouded in mystery. Whoever was able to decipher the Rosetta Stone would solve that mystery and fling open a door that had been locked for two thousand years.

Two brilliant rivals set out to win that prize. One was English, the other French, at a time when England and France were enemies and the world’s two great superpowers. Written “like a thriller” ( Star Tribune , Minneapolis), The Writing of the Gods chronicles this high-stakes intellectual race in which the winner would win glory for both himself and his nation. A riveting portrait of empires both ancient and modern, this is an unparalleled look at the culture and history of ancient Egypt, “and also a lesson…in what the human mind does when faced with a puzzle” ( The New Yorker ).

336 pages, Paperback

First published October 19, 2021

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About the author

Edward Dolnick

12 books189 followers
Edward Dolnick is an American writer, formerly a science writer at the Boston Globe. He has been published in the Atlantic Monthly, the New York Times Magazine, and the Washington Post, among other publications. His books include Madness on the Couch : Blaming the Victim in the Heyday of Psychoanalysis (1998) and Down the Great Unknown : John Wesley Powell's 1869 Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon (2001).

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 331 reviews
Profile Image for Ian.
982 reviews60 followers
April 20, 2023
This one was probably about a 3.5 rating for me, but I generally round up rather than down, so a slightly generous 4 stars. The author writes about an esoteric subject in a way that makes it very accessible to the layman, but at the same time the book didn’t grab me quite as much as I hoped.

Up to the early 19th century academics had zero ability to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. The country’s many ancient ruins were covered in hieroglyphs preserved by the dry climate, but the knowledge of how to read them had been lost for well over a thousand years. What became known as the Rosetta Stone was found by a French Army officer amidst the rubble of a disused fort, during Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in 1798. The stone had writing in 3 formats; hieroglyphs; another script unknown at the time; and last but crucially, Greek. At this time in history every European academic could read Ancient Greek. The stone ended up in the possession of the British after the surrender of the French Army in Egypt.

Initially, many people thought that it would be a relatively simple matter to use the Greek text to work out the hieroglyphs, but it turned out to be a devilishly complicated exercise that took about two decades. A big part of the problem was deciding whether the hieroglyphs represented sounds or whether they were symbols representing nouns or concepts. Another issue was that it was found, eventually, that hieroglyphs made use of the rebus – the equivalent in English would be writing “I can” by drawing a picture of an eye followed by a picture of a tin can. Of course to understand those, the reader had to know the sounds made in the Ancient Egyptian language, and nobody did know those sounds. It turned out the key to the puzzle was the nearly-extinct Coptic language, preserved only for liturgical purposes in the Coptic Church, rather as Latin is preserved in the west by the Catholic Church. We now know Coptic is descended from Ancient Egyptian.

The above examples cover only a couple of the complexities of the deciphering exercise, and I enjoyed the way the author took us through the struggles of those who worked on interpreting the hieroglyphs. Where I felt the book was a bit weaker was that the author presented the work as a “race” between an English scholar and a French one, respectively Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion. To be honest this idea of a “race” seemed a little contrived and smacked of something intended to spice up the publicity for a book on a distinctly minority interest. Stories of rivalry and insults will always get people’s attention!

Still a fairly entertaining read, and I now know a lot more than I did about the principles of hieroglyphics.
Profile Image for Beata .
903 reviews1,385 followers
May 15, 2022
Clearly written and easy to follow. I knew the general facts behind the Rosetta Stone and it was a good refreshing read.
Profile Image for Barbara K.
707 reviews198 followers
February 7, 2023
I suppose it was only logical that I should read this book after finishing The Riddle of the Labyrinth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code. After all, the books are similar in that each describes the challenges surrounding the decryption of an ancient script, a topic that is clearly of interest to me. (Why else would I already own copies of both books? Oh yes, that's right, I'm a sucker for that shiny thing called a book-on-sale.)

The immediate juxtaposition means that I have struggled to write a review of The Writing of the Gods: The Race to Decode the Rosetta Stone without comparing it with the Riddle of the Labyrinth. So shall it be.

The books are different in significant ways. Although at the time the Rosetta Stone was unearthed and the attempts to decipher the hieroglyphics began, no details were known about the earliest Egyptian cultures but there was at least some continuity with the present. The age of the pharaohs overlapped with the Greeks and the Romans, after all, whereas the connections between the Minoan and later Greek cultures was doubted by scholars into the 20th century. We still know far less about those peoples than the early Egyptians.

All that known culture and history lend themselves to a great deal more background within which to set the story of the Rosetta Stone decoding. Attempts to decipher hieroglyphics (though not the Rosetta Stone) had been ongoing for a thousand years. Then when the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, Napoleon, Wellington and the "savants" (the scholars Napoleon brought with him as he set out to conquer Egypt), provided additional colorful elements to the story.

So the story of the Rosetta Stone is in many ways far more glamorous and accessible than that of Linear B. Although Dolnick describes the struggles of both British polymath Thomas Young and French Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion to find the connections among the stone's Greek, Demotic and hieroglyphic inscriptions, that is only one part of his story. By contrast, the intellectual problems attendant on decoding Linear B are the primary focus of The Riddle of the Labryinth.

In short, this is an entertaining read, particularly for those new to the topic. It is not a deep dive into the decryption of the hieroglyphs.

Aside #1: The mystique of the Rosetta Stone is not lost on me. When I visited the British Museum for the first time, I gasped at the realization that this, right here in front of me, was the actual Rosetta Stone.

Aside #2: I chuckled when Dolnick quoted Egyptologist Barbara Mertz, probably better known to GR members as Elizabeth Peters, author of the delightful Amelia Peabody mysteries.

Aside #3: I really didn't care for the narrator. Can't pinpoint the issue other than that his cadence would be more appropriate for a novel than non-fiction.

Aside #4: Dolnick cites The Riddle of the Labyrinth in this book, but gives all credit for the decryption of Linear B to Michael Ventris, pretty much completely ignoring Alice Kober's contributions. Sigh.
Profile Image for Nancy.
1,904 reviews474 followers
July 7, 2022
This book has so much going for it, it’s hard to say what I enjoyed most!

The story of the Egyptian civilization which lasted 3,000 years? How Bonaparte brought not only an army of warriors, but an army of savants to Egypt? How ancient Egypt spurred the imagination of Europeans, with collectors and amateur Egyptologists scrambling to discover and buy up ancient artifacts?

The story of the Rosetta stone with its three sections of ancient languages, and how brilliant, eccentric scholars vied to be the first to decode it?

The history of writing, from mercantile records to historic records to literature, and from symbols to the alphabet?

The history of decoding?

The Writing of the Gods by Edward Dolnick covers it all, wrapped in an engaging and accessible book.

Ancient Egyptian was a dead language when the Rosetta stone was found. The writing on the stone included Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek, and an unknown section which turned out to be an ancient Egyptian shorthand for the hieroglyphics.

Ancient Egypt had been a stable society with few changes. The hieroglyphics did not change, unlike, say English. I can’t pick up Beowulf (circa 1000 AD) and read it without translation. The Egyptians knew about the wheel, but were not inspired to create a cart. All those pyramids were built without wheels! They made ramps of sand and pushed those stones into place! Christianity and the Mamelukes and the bubonic plague came along, and Egypt became a has-been. By the time Bonaparte arrived, magnificent temples were used for garbage dumps and sand buried the Sphinx up to her chin.

Dolnick leads readers step by step to understand how the hieroglyphics were decoded. It had long been believed that they were symbols not representative of spoken language. Two scholars with different backgrounds and approaches took up the challenge of decoding the stone. First, the cartouches were considered, believing they were the names of the pharaohs seen in the Greek section of the Rosetta stone. These pharaohs were Greek, for Greece had conquered Egypt. Perhaps the symbols stood for sounds of the Greek names. The symbols were connected to sounds; the lion symbol stood for the sound “l’ in Ptolemy and Cleopatra, for instance. One scholar believed that Coptic was born out of ancient Egyptian and he determined to learn it although it was nearly a dead language, only surviving in the Coptic Church. This aided in understanding how the letters were pronounced.

Cracking the names of the pharaohs in the cartouches was just the beginning of the long process of decoding hieroglyphs.

Utterly fascinating and always engaging, I much enjoyed this book.

I received a free ebook from the publisher through NetGalley. My review is fair and unbiased.
Profile Image for La gata lectora.
438 reviews342 followers
September 10, 2024
Bien documentado y muy ameno.

Este maravilloso libro de no ficción nos cuenta la historia de quiénes y cómo consiguieron descifrar los jeroglíficos egipcios, una escritura de una lengua que llevaba casi dos mil años muerta.

Pero que no te engañe el tema porque es una historia apasionante de exploradores, artistas, científicos y conquistadores del S. XIX que dieron con una tierra llena de misterios por descubrir, y de una carrera entre dos genios eruditos por ser el primero en lograrlo.

Anécdotas curiosas, personajes súper interesantes, descubrimientos espectaculares, mucha información real de la correspondencia personal de los protagonistas y muchos sucesos importantes que contribuyeron a descifrar la famosa piedra de Rosetta.

(5/5)⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️¡Un libro apasionante!
Profile Image for Shahin Keusch.
79 reviews24 followers
October 24, 2021
I saw the Rosetta Stone a few times while I was living in London. It was always impressive as I knew that this Stone was the reason we knew anything about ancient Egypt. And it is all so much more impressive now that I know what it took and how long it took to actually decode the hieroglyphs. 

This book was such an entertaining and easy read. It just flew by and was very hard to put down. I would recommend this to anyone. 
Profile Image for Adam Morris.
143 reviews6 followers
November 21, 2021
OMG could this man describe anything without following it with an analogy, simile, metaphor or occasionally bizarre example? Although there was much of interest in this book it was, for me, overshadowed by this annoying and often gratuitous use of comparisons throughout. At one point (I don’t have the exact quote) he was discussing someone straining to hold a complex series of ideas in their mind for long periods as akin to clenching your fist for a really long time. Please! I almost gave up several times but there was a good story in amongst all the extraneous crap.
Additionally, the subtitle of the book “the race to decode the Rosetta Stone” is somewhat misleading. There really was no race and the competition between the two principal protagonists feels like it was exaggerated to try to spice things up. The Englishman proposed that the hieroglyphs were more than just a bunch of pictures and the Frenchman figured out what they actually meant. As the author himself finally admits, neither would have been successful without the other.
The author also all but dismisses the ancient Egyptian civilization as rather backward, ritualistic and superstitious. He asserts that the long-standing belief that they made important discoveries in the fields of science and medicine are wrong. I am not an expert on ancient civilizations but the impression I have from other sources is that there were a number of areas where they were quite knowledgeable about the world and it’s operation.
As always, I am satisfied with reading that teaches me something new. Just a bit disappointed in the way it was presented.
Profile Image for Jason Furman.
1,402 reviews1,628 followers
February 4, 2025
This was surprisingly good. I say surprisingly because I'm embarrassed to say I never thought that hard about the Rosetta Stone and did not realize it was a key that could be used to unlock so many stories--about ancient Egypt, later Egypt, Napoleon, early 19th century science, linguistics, cryptography, and role of specialization vs. generalism, and much more.

And when I say I never thought hard about the Rosetta Stone that is despite working to teach myself hieroglyphs as a kid (through books by E.A. Wallis Budge, although I don't remember exactly which ones). I guess I thought that they had the Greek in one part of the stone, the hieroglyphs in the other, and they just needed to go back and forth between them to figure out what all the words meant.

But no, it took enormous effort and several decades to make progress that was slow at first and then very fast. The Rosetta Stone was a key part of it, helping Thomas Young (of light as particle and wave fame, in this book the stand in for a generalist) and then Champollion to figure out that certain pictographs were certain sounds because they matched Ptolemy (actually Ptolemaios). But that was not enough and Champollion pushed forward drawing on his knowledge of Coptic (a later Egyptian language), other hieroglyphs, ancient manuscripts, other lists of kings, to work out more of the letters and then the code itself--which was a really complicated system where pictographs could stand for one, two or three consonants or for a word or an idea--and there would also be another character at the end of a word that could explain how to interpret the previous ones. Plus it could be written any which way--left to right, right to left, or top to bottom.

Edward Dolnick does a fantastic job of depicting the false leads, the ways in which people's preconceptions trapped them, and why it was so difficult (e.g., he invites us to read OUR SC E AN SEV or maybe it is read the other way, VES NA E CS RUO; he points out that without vowels DSN could be Disney or Edison; how hard it is to decipher I♡U because it is a mixture of words, sounds and not; and many, many more devices to give windows into how hieroglyphs work and the difficulty of deciphering them.

(It a minor point, but Dolnick does have a penchant for the overdramatic, "in the early 1800s, no one was as handsome" as one character and someone else was a "traveller almost without peer." I found this occasionally distracting and it made me worry about the credulousness of some of the stories, like the too good to check ones, like the person that undressed in his excitement about deciphering The Epic of Gilgamesh, which he admits in a footnote probably did not happen.)

The book did leave me wondering what if they had never discovered the Rosetta Stone, would hieroglyphs have remained a mystery and we would still know basically nothing about Egypt before there are credible external accounts of it more than two millennia in to the reign of the Pharaohs? Or would people have figured it out, just like they figured out Linear B and Mayan hieroglyphs? (And there was another Rosetta Stone-like finding later, but even without that.) And how would modern AI compare to what Young and Champollion did? These are all speculative questions but would have loved some of his informed speculation on them (although admittedly the book was published in 2021 and a lot has happened in AI since then).
Profile Image for Sonia.
758 reviews172 followers
May 26, 2024
Ameno, de muy fácil lectura. No se hace pesado para nada y tiene mucho encanto.
Estoy convencida de que a los expertos en la materia se les quedará corto, pero creo que este libro está pensado para los que somos meros aficionados o sentimos curiosidad y fascinación por el Antiguo Egipto y la escritura jeroglífica.
Tal vez lo que menos me ha gustado es la profusión de analogías con aspectos del día a día de EE.UU. para que el lector pueda entender la complejidad de los jeroglifos y la inmensa dificultad del reto al que se enfrentaron Young y Champolion. Pero por lo demás, he disfrutado como una cría leyendo este libro.
Profile Image for Joy D.
3,133 reviews330 followers
February 10, 2025
This book recounts the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, containing the same inscription in three languages, in 1799 in Rashid, Egypt. It moves on to chronicle the intellectual rivalry between Englishman Thomas Young and Frenchman Jean-François Champollion in their quest to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphs, using the Greek as a starting point, and eventually discovering the source of the second language. Dolnick excels at making complex linguistic and cryptographic concepts accessible, employing plenty of analogies. The two rivals were both brilliant but very different in personality and style. They approached the challenge from distinct angles - Young with his systematic scientific method and Champollion with his linguistic intuition.

Dolnick establishes the context for this competition within the historical framework of early 19th century Europe, including the Napoleonic Wars and the emergence of modern archaeology. He explores how political tensions between Britain and France influenced the rivalry, which adds depth and interest. The author does a great job of conveying the monumental difficulty of the challenge and why it stumped scholars for centuries. He helps readers understand why both Young's and Champollion's contributions were crucial to their eventual deciphering. This makes the final breakthrough feel both intellectually satisfying and emotionally rewarding. Highly recommended to those interested in linguistics, languages, and complex puzzle-solving.

4.5
Profile Image for Hend.
179 reviews925 followers
August 26, 2023
اتعودت دايما اني اكتب ريفيوهات باللغة العربية الفصحى لكن عشان الكتاب دا عن اللغة الهيروغليفية فهكتب بالعامية المصرية الى فيها كلمات كتير من القبطية والي هي بردو امتداد للهيروغليفية الكتاب دا من اكتر الكتب الي عجبتني السنة دى وانصح اى حد مهتم باللغة الهيروغليفية وتاريخها يقراه

مافيش حد فكر أنه يدور على حجر رشيد. أو كان عارف أن فى حاجة ذي كدا ممكن تكون موجودة أصلا، وعلى الرغم من أن الرحالة والعلماء كانوا بيحلموا لفترة طويلة بوجود حاجه شبهه تفك رموز اللغة الهيروغليفية. إلا إن الحجر كان موجود من غير ما يلاحظه أى حد لمدة ألفين سنة. وكان ممكن يضيع للأبد. لو ماكانش ظهر في كومة من الأنقاض في مدينة اسمها رشيد ، في يوم حار من شهر يوليو عام 1799. كانت فرنسا غزت مصر في العام السابق. وعلى رأس الجيش الفرنسي ، كان الجنرال الشاب ، نابليون بونابرت كان عند فريق من الجنود الفرنسيين مهمة انهم يعيدوا بناء حصن متهدم في رشيد في دلتا النيل. و الفرنسيون كانوا مسميين المدينة (روزيتا). ، كانت القلعة زمان حاجة مهيبة كدا،. لكن تم إهمالها لعدة قرون ، ولما وصل الفرنسيون كانت محتاجة إصلاح كتير. والقائد المحلي كتب لنابليون: "أتوقع أني ممكن أتعرض للهجوم في أي وقت" ، وقام بتعيين ناس تشتغل على وجه السرعة ، عشان تحول الحطام دا لحصن مناسب ليه ثكنات وجدران متينة.
منذ العصور القديمة، كان في نوع من إعادة التدوير اعادة استخدام كتل حجرية من مبنى لمبنى آخر. ودا غالبا الى حصل مع حجر رشيد الى فجأة بيتم اكتشافه وسط الركام والانقاض
هو ممكن يكون في الأصل كان موجود في مكان بارز في أحد المعابد ، لان التاريخ اللى موجود في النص اليونانى بيتوافق مع سنة 196 قبل الميلاد.
لكن مين الى اكتشف الحجرفعلا؟ ماحدش هيعرف أبدًا. لان من المحتمل جدًا أن يكون المكتشف الحقيقي هو عامل مصري بسيط ، ولكن لو دا الى حصل فعلا فمحدش عرف اسمه. لان الرجل اللى اتنسب ليه الاكتشاف دا هو الملازم بيير فرانسوا بوشار
بوشار دا كان عالِم وظابط في نفس الوقت واللى لفت انتباهه اللوح الحجري الكبير المكسور المحطوط في كومة من الحجارة الى شبه بعضها. أن تحت الغبار والأوساخ على الحجر من فوق ، كان في رسومات لبعض العلامات الغريبة. هل ممكن تكون دى حاجة مهمة؟ كان متغطى بالنقوش و برموز منحوتة بعرض الحجر كله. لكن الى كان مفاجأة أنه لقى نقوش من ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة.
في أعلى الحجر كان هناك أربعتاشر سطر من الكتابة الهيروغليفية ، ورسومات لدوائر ونجوم وأسود ورجال راكعين. لكن الجزء دا ماكانش مكتمل. في وقت ما في الماضي ، كان فوق على اليمين والشمال جزء ناقص منه وضاع معاه جزء من سطور الكتابة الهيروغليفية.
في القسم الأوسط من الحجر ، كان فى قسم أطول من المنحنيات والخطوط المزخرفة البسيطة ، عددهم اتنين وتلاتين سطر. كانت باينة أنها كتابة من نصوص غير معروفة أو ممكن رموز ، وكانت مختلفة عن الصور الموجودة في القسم الهيروغليفي. كانت شوية خطوط وشرط (جمع شرطة -) ماكانش ممكن التعرف عليها؛ وكانت هي دى الكتابة الديموطيقية
المجموعة الثالثة من العلامات ماكانتش لغز. لانها كانت ببساطة كتابة يونانية ، ثلاثة وخمسين سطر، وسهل التعرف عليها.
بوشار أرسل خبر الاكتشاف للقائده العام ، جاك مينو ، الى أحضر الحجر فورا لخيمته. واندفع الجنود والعلماء للعمل ، ينضفوا الحجر ،و الأراضي الي حواليه عشان يدوروا على الأجزاء المفقودة. لكن طبعا ماحدش لقاها،. لكن النقش اليوناني كان سليم،
المحاولات الاولى
حتى في السنوات التي سبقت سماع أي شخص بحجر رشيد ، كان فك رموز الكتابة الهيروغليفية مغري جدا لدرجة أن العلماء كرسوا عقود من حياتهم للهدف دا.
Georg Zoëga
في عام 1798 ،
نشر أحد أبرز اللغويين في أوروبا، وهو العالم الدنماركى زويجا مجلد من سبعمائة صفحة يلخص كل الى توصل ليه في حياته عن الكتابة المصرية. هو كان مرجع عن المصريات أو اللغويات. جورج قدر يحصي 958 رمز مختلف. كانت فىه مجموعة من الطيور ، ومجموعة من الحشرات ، والبشر ، والهجين بينك الإنسان والحيوان ، والنباتات ، والأدوات ، والأشكال المجردة. دا كان يعتبر ساعتها عمل بطولى وشاق جدا،لكنه قدر يوصل لبعض الأفكار المهمة. على سبيل المثال ، أنه على الرغم من أن الكتابة الهيروغليفية ممكن أنها تكتب من اليمين إلى الشمال أو العكس ، إلا أنه ممكن معرفة مكان بدء سطر معين من خلال النظر إلى الصور اللى هتبقى بتنظر إلى جانب أو لآخر. فدايما لما بيكون في صورة ، لطائر أو قطة أو رجل ، فهتلاقيها دايما بتبص على بداية السطر.
، كان عايز يعرف ايه نوع نظام الكتابة الذي يستخدم 958 رمزًمختلف إذا كان كل رمز بيمثل كلمة واحدة ، فدا يعني أن عدد الكلمات منخفض جدًا. لا يمكن لأي لغة أنها تستمر بأقل من ألف كلمة. ولكن لو كان كل رمز هيروغليفي بيمثل حرف ، فكدا العدد هيبقى كبير جدًا. عادة الحروف الهجائية بتكون بالعشرات مش بالمئات.
واستنتج أن الاحتمال الوحيد هو أن الكتابة الهيروغليفية أكيد نوع من النظام الهجين. ممكن الشكل بيرمز أحيانًا إلى كلمة وأحيانًا لحرف أو مقطع لفظي أو صوت. كان تخمين رائع بصراحة. ولكنه استسلم بعد كدا.وكتب أنه من الأفضل ترك المهمة للأجيال القادمة". كان عنده أمل أنه في يوم من الأيام ، في المستقبل ، يكون من الممكن ان احنا نتعلم قراءة الهيروغليفية."
المستقبل دا كان بعد عام واحد، لكن هو ماقدرش يشوف نقوش حجر رشيد وطبعا ولا الحجر نفسه.

بعد اكتشاف حجر رشيد كان في محاولات تانية مبدأية
Silvestre de Sacy
محاولة تانية كانت محاولة أكاديمي فرنسي اسمه سيلفستر دي ساسي ، أستاذ اللغة العربية في باريس. دي ساسي هو أول فرنسي حاول انه يقرا حجر رشيد. بدأ بالبحث عن الأسماء في النقوش الديموطيقية. كان عارف أن النص اليوناني بيشير لكلمة بطليموس كتير حوالى ، 11 مرة في المجموع. كانت الخطوة الأولى، انه يدور عن سلسلة من الرموز في الديموطيقية الى بتكرر بنفس العدد ، وفي المواضع الصحيحة. عشان يتاكد أنها هي دى الى بتشير لاسم بطليموس.
وجد الى كان يبحث عنه. وتمكن من منه يطابق بعض الأسماء باليونانية مع سلاسل من الرموز باللغة الديموطقية.. لكن دى كانت مصادفة ، ورغم أن دي ساسي ماكانش عارف كدا ساعتها. حاول بعد كدا مطابقة اسماء تانية اتكررت في اليونانية ، ذى اسم لإله أو لملك ، وحاول مطابقتها بسلاسل من الرموز الى اتكررت بنفس العدد في الديموطيقية. مبدئيًا ، قام ببناء أبجديته ، مع أحرف معينة في الديموطيقية تتوافق مع أحرف معينة في اليونانية.كان النهج بتاع دي ساسي منطقى، ولكن - لأن الديموطيقية ماكانتش أبجدية فوصل فى الآخر لطريق مسدود وماعرفش يكمل. في عام 1802 ، استسلم. وكتب باكتئاب: "الأمل الذي كنت أتمتع به في البداية لم يتحقق"".
Johan Åkerblad
حاول بعد كدا دبلوماسي سويدي اسمه يوهان سكربلاد. كان مرجع في اللغات القد��مة. اتبع نفس الإستراتيجية التي اتبعها معلمه السابق ، وهي انه يطابق بين الأسماء اليونانية وبين سلاسل من الرموز الديموطيقية وبعد كدا يتنقل لمطابقة الكلمات العادية. بفضل المثابرة أو ربما بمجرد ضربة حظ عرف انه يوصل لعدد كلمات اكتر من معلمه دى ساسى .
ومن المفارقات، أن نجاحاته البسيطة دى خلت سكربلاد يكمل في اعتقاده الخاطئ بأن النص الديموطيقي كان أبجدية لكن في النهاية ، هيتضح أن الديموطيقية كانت كتابة هجينة بين الاتنين ، ولكنها معقدة اكتر لان في رموز كانت فعلا حروف و رموز تانية ماكانتش كدا.
مثال جملة "أنا أحب نيويورك"

I♡NY
دي ساسي وسكربلاد خمنوا بأن رمز القلب مثلا هو حرف، M أو V. ودا كان سبب انهم فشلوا في انهم يكملوا فى الطريق دا لان القلب دا ماكانش حرف.
المنافسة
دلوقتى بتبدأ حكاية البطلين بتوع قصة الكتاب يونج وشامليون ماكانش في شيء مشترك بينهم غير انهم الاتنين كانوا عباقرة وعندهم موهبة فى اللغات. حتى عبقريتهم جاءت في شكلين مختلفين بشكل واضح. كان توماس يونج من أكثر المفكرين المتعددى المهارات الى عاشوا على الإطلاق، وكان بيحب التحديات. لكن جان فرانسوا شامبليون كان بيركز على هدف واحد بس ، وموضوع واحد بس وهو مصر.
ظهرت مواهب كل من يونج وشامبليون اللغوية في وقت مبكر. شامبليون كان هو الأصغر بفرق سبعتاشر سنة وعند سن المراهقة ، كان كل منهما قد اتقن عدد كبير جدًا من اللغات – ذي اليونانية واللاتينية ، وشوية محاولات متعمقة فى اللغات العربية والعبرية والفارسية والكلدانية والسريانية.
توماس يونج

يونج كان الابن الأكبر بين عشرة أطفال. ولما كان طالب جامعي ، توفي عمه وترك له منزله في لندن وميراث حوالى 10000 جنيه إسترليني (في حدود 1.5 مليون دولار دلوقتى). دا خلاه مطمن من هموم المال لبقية حياته.
يونج كان بيطلق عليه اسم "The Last Man Who Knew Everything"
لأنه كان لغوي وفيزيائي ومهندس ومخترع وعالم فيزيولوجيا. كان تصوره للكون سابق عصره ب 200 سنه.. نظريته أن الضوء بينتقل في موجات كانت حاجة ثورية فى مجال الفيزياء. كان بيطلق عليه "أبو فسيولوجيا الرؤية"
، "Father of the Physiology of Vision
وكانت مواهبه كبيرة لدرجة أنه أطلق عليه ذات مرة لقب "ليوناردو دافنشي الإنجليزي".
لكن في مايو سنة 1814، صادف أن أحد أصدقاء يونج أطلعه على بردية اشتراها في رحلة لمصر. كانت البردية ، اللى اتضررت بشدة ، متغطية برموز غامضة. وكان تم العثور عليها في مقبرة في مدينة الأقصر (المعروفة في العصور القديمة باسم طيبة) ، داخل تابوت. عجبته فكرة ان في أبجدية غامضة ولغز مافيش حد عارف يحله ، وقرر يونغ أنه يبص على حجر رشيد.
لاحظ يونج التشابه في مظهر الهيروغليفية والديموطيقية . فالديموطيقية والهيروغليفية ماكانوش لغتين مختلفيتين
ولكن نسختين من نفس الشيء


في صيف عام 1815 ، كتب يونج إلى دي ساسي صديقه "إذا كنت ترغب في معرفة" سرّي "، فهو ببساطة - أنه لا توجد أبجدية للديموطيقية على الإطلاق."
طبعا الاكتشاف دا هيخلى يونج يبنى شوية استنتاجات: لو الكتابة الديموطيقية مش كتابة أبجدية ، فهي كدا مبنية على أساس غريب وغير متوقع. وإذا كانت الكتابة الديموطيقية غريبة - و الكتابة الهيروغليفية والديموطيقية شكلين مختلفين للغة واحدة - فإن الهيروغليفية ، بردو، ممكن يكون عندها نفس التركيب الغريب في بناءها.. دا طبعا إذا كان توماس يونج صح.
الحل في اللغة الصينية
كان السؤال هل كانت الصور دى رمزية بحتة، يعنى صورة راجل معناها راجل وطائر يعني طائر ولا نظام صوتي كل رمز بيعبر عن صوت
ذي نظامنا دلوقتى الى كل حرف بيعبر عن صوت،يونج اتعلم اللغة الصينية لما كان شاب، وكان عارف ازاى يكتب اسم أجنبي بالصينية، اسم مثلا ذى نابليون على سبيل المثال. عشان تكتبه بالصينى، هتختار الحروف اللى لها نفس الأصوات المناسبة للكلمة، وتتجاهل معناها. ودى هتكون نقطة انطلاق يونج. كان عارف أن الأسماء غير المصرية - وأبرزها بطليموس - تظهر في جميع أجزاء النص اليوناني على حجر رشيد. وكان عارف أن الكتابة الهيروغليفية هي ترجمة لليونانية. دا يعني ان أسماء ذي بطليموس مستخبية في جميع أنحاء النص الهيروغليفي ، ذى الذهب في قاع النهر.ولو وصل لها- هيعرف يقرأ الأسماء المكتوبة.
بس تدور على الأسماء فين؟
في الأسطر الاربعتاشر من الكتابة الهيروغليفية على حجر رشيد، ركز على ست أشكال بيضاوية بتحيط بعدة حروف هيروغليفية. ممكن تكون الأشكال البيضاوية دى مميزة؟ لاحظها بردو العلماء في جيش نابليون - وأطلقوا علىها اسم الخراطيش البيضاوية، وهى الكلمة الفرنسية الى بتطلق على خراطيش البنادق، لأنها شبهها في الشكل.
الخرطوش
خمّن يونغ أن الخراطيش كانت بتلعب دورين مهمين. أولاً ، بتشير إلى أن الحروف الهيروغليفية اللى مكتوبة داخلها مهمة ويجب ملاحظتها ذى ما بنعمل كلمة معينة bold او italic). ثانيًا ، جواها تعليمات لكيقية نطق الحروف الهيروغليفية.
طيب هل ممكن تكون الكتابة الهيروغليفية الى جوا الخراطيش مكتوب فيها اسم بطليموس؟ فى الحقيقة تخمينه كان صح واحنا عرفنا ان دا صح لأن علماء المصريات تمكنوا في النهاية من قراءة النصوص.
ودلوقتى اصبحت استراتيجية البدء بأسماء الاشخاص، في محاولة فك رموز لغة غير معروفة ، حاجة بديهية لان النطق هيكون واحد.
ومن خلال فكه لرموز كلمة بطليموس على حجر رشيد وضح أن الكتابة الهيروغليفية بترمز أحيانًا إلى الأصوات و كانت الخطوة الباقية هي الانتقال من الأسماء إلى الكلمات وهي خطوة صغيرة. لكن الطريقة الى فك بيها شفرة رموز الأصوات في كلمة بطلميموس ماكانتش صحيحة أوى ولأنه ارتكب أخطاء معينة ما قدرش يعمل تقدم فى الموضوع اكتر من كدا.
ا مشكلة يونج انه استخدم مبدأ ان الرموز عبارة عن تمثيل صوتى، واللى هو المبدا الى استنتجه من اللغة الصينية، وطبقه على الاسماء الاجنبية فقط لكن الكلمات العادية استبعدها من القاعدة دى يعنى فقط هيطبقها على اى اسم مش بينتمى أصلا للغة الهيروغليفية ذي بطليموس.
تانى حاجة، يونج مشى ورا الاعتقاد الى كان السائد من عشرين قرن ان الهيروغلفية كانت مجرد نقوش غامضة مش نظام للكتابة.
اللى قال الكلام دا كان كاهن مصرى اسمه هورابولو كان موجود حوالى سنة 400 بعد الميلاد. و هورابولو هو اللى صاغ كلمة هيروغليفية، وهي كلمة يونانية معناها النقش المقدس. واختيار كلمة نقش - بدل من كلمة كتابة - هو سبب المشكلة. كانت وجهة نظر هورابولو أن الكتابة الهيروغليفية رسومات لبعض النصوص الغريبة ومش حروف.
مثال
هورابولو شاف ان المصريين كانوا بيرسموا صقر عشان يعبروا عن الاله". ليه الصقر بالذات؟ لأن "الطيور التانية، لما كانت بطير كانت بتميل شوية قبل ما تطير مش بترتفع مرة واحدة. لكن الصقر كان بيطير لفوق مباشرة ".
وقال ان النقش اللي على شكل النسر يعني الأم ، لأنه كان بيعتقد أن جميع النسور هى من الإناث. و الوزة تعني الابن لأن الوز بيهتم أوى بعياله. وأرنب يعني مفتوح، لأن الأرانب البرية ما كانتش بتقفل عنيها أبدًا. هيطلع كل دا كلام فارغ بعد كدا
يعنى يونج عرف يفك بعض حروف كلمة بطليموس وبعد كدا لبس في الحيطة بس دا ما يمنعش، أنه حقق انجاز وفتح الباب لشامبليون.
مين الي هيكمل الطريق؟
شامبليون
يونج وشامبليون كانوا مختلفين في الشخصية بالظبط ذى ماكانوا مختلفين في ظروفهم المادية. يونج كان شخصية هادية بشكل ملحوظ لدرجة أن صديق له كان بيتعجب من أنه عمره ما شافه متنرفز أبدا طول حياته. شامبليون بقى كان العكس بتنتابه حالات مزاجية سوداء و نوبات الإغماء ، ودايما غضبان ومتمرّد. الموارد المالية لشامبليون فضلت غير مستقرة طول حياته. هو كان ابن ، لأب بائع كتب وأم لا تعرف القراءة ولا الكتابة. وكان مسقط رأسه منطقة منعزلة في جنوب غرب فرنسا تسمى فيجاك . وخلال الثورة ، كانت الحشود الصاخبة بتملى ساحة البلدة الصغيرة بتاعته عشان يتفرجوا على ضحايا المقصلة. وهو طفل صغير، عاش شامبليون على بعد خطوات من موقع الإعدام ؛ وملأت الأصوات دى ودانه.
من سن عشرة أو حداشر سنة ، ركز شامبليون مواهبه الهائلة على مصر وحدها. (اتبع خطوات أخوه الأكبر ، اللى كان هو نفسه بيدرس لغات وعنده شغف بمصر وحجر رشيد). وفي سن المراهقة ، أصبح الاهتمام دا هوس. ونشر شامبليون ورقته الأولى عن أسماء الأماكن في مصر القديمة في ستاشر سنة. كان شايف أن أسماء المدن ممكن يبقى فيها اى أدلة تكشف لغة مصر القديمة ، لأن الأسماء بتتغير ببطء. (كانت إستراتيجية شامبليون شبيهة باستراتيجية اللغويين الحاليين اللى بيشوفوا أن أسماء مثل ماساتشوستس ومينيسوتا ممكن تدى لمحات عن لغات الأمريكيين الأصليين.
قدم المراهق محاضرة عن النتائج التي توصل إليها وتوج أداءه بإخبار جمهوره أنه في يوم من الأيام هيفك رموز اللغة الهيروغليفية. وفي سن الثامنة عشرة ، بدأ دراسة اللغة القبطية بجدية. وما كانتش اللغة القبطية هي لغة مصر في العهد المصري القديم - وكانت بقت لغة ميتة ومنسية - ولأنها لغة ظهرت لاحقًا بعد فترة وجيزة من اللغة الهيروغليفية كلغة مصرية ، كان رهانه أنها ورثت العديد من اللغة الهيروغليفية.
اللغة القبطية كانت فيها حاجة مختلفة وهي انها بستخدم فيها الأبجدية اليونانية ، وزيادة عليها ستة رموز للأصوات مش موجودة في اليونانية. ونتيجة لكدا، اعتقد معظم العلماء أن القبطية واليونانية متشابهين أكتر من تشابه القبطية مع اللغة المصرية القديمة.
وبما أن القبطية اتكتبت بحروف يونانية ، فكيفية قراءتها ما اتندثرتش.و دا هيكون حاجة مهمة ، لأن تخمين شامبليون هيكون صحيح - فالقبطية مشتقة من اللغة المصرية، وكانت بالفعل جسر أتاح الوصول إلى اللغة المصرية القديمة. ولكن فى الوقت اللي جاء فيه يونج وشامبليون ، ماكانش متوفر سوى عدد قليل من المخطوطات القبطية. وكان في عدد قليل عند بعض هواة جمع المخطوطات ، وربما كان أهم جامع ليها هو الأرستقراطي الإيطالي ، بيترو ديلا فالي ،
اللى انطلق في عام 1614 في رحلة للشرق والى اشترى اثنائها من مصر مخطوطاته القبطية.والى كان من ضمنها قاموس قبطي عربي وكتاب باللغة العربية عن القواعد القبطية. انتهى المطاف بالمجموعة دي في مكتبة الفاتيكان في روما. وبدون المعلومات اللى في النصوص القديمة دى ، احتمال كبير ما كانش ممكن فك رموز حجر رشيد.
مسلة فيلة القطعة الأخيرة من اللغز
معرفة شامبليون الكبيرة بالقبطية والى كمل دراسته ليها من مصادر بيترو ديلا فالي كانت هى السبب في النجاح الى هيحققه، لكن مسلة فيلة كانت بنفس اهمية حجر رشيد بالنسبة لشامبليون. تم اكتشاف المسلة عام 1815 في صعيد مصر في مدينة فيلة القديمة من قبل المستكشف البريطاني وعالم المصريات ويليام جون بانكس بمساعدة المغامر الإيطالي جيوفاني بيلزوني، نقل بانكس المسلة إلى كينغستون لاسي في منزله بانجلترا. وأقيمت أمام منزله فى عام 1829.
احتوت المسلة على نقوش بالهيروغليفية واليونانية وعلى الرغم من ان النقوش اللى عليها ماكانتش عبارة عن نص واحد مترجم إلى لغتين مختلفتين ذى ما كان حجر رشيد، الا ان تم اكتشاف خرطوش فيها مكتوب عليه اسم كليوباترا، ودا هيمكن شامبليون انه يقارن الخرطوشتين ببعض ويدور على أوجه التشابه بينهم.(بين دى وبتاعة بطليموس اللى على حجر رشيد )
بدأ شامبليون يفكر في فكرة جديدة. ليه ما يكونش المصريون استخدموا "الرموز دى كحروف بتمثل اصوات" للكلمات المصرية العادية مش بس للاسماء المستوردة من الأراضي البعيدة ذى ما افترض يونج؟. في الوقت دا، كان دا استنتاج مذهل.
وفي صباح يوم 14 سبتمبر 1822 ، شامبليون بيستقبل طرد غير متوقع عبر البريد. كان فيه نقوش هيروغليفية من أبو سمبل ، نقشها الرسام هيوت, بدقة وبعتهاله. كانت الهدية فيها خرطوشة جديدة. وشامبليون ماكانش عارف ساع��ها ان دا هيكون أعظم يوم في حياته.
خرطوشة رمسيس
بدا شامبليون يفك شفرة الخرطوشة الجديدة ، هو كان فك شفرة الحروف الهيروغليفية لاسم بطليموس بشكل مختلف عن يونج واتأكد من خرطوشة كليوباترا
الى كانت موجودة على مسلة فيلة من تخمينه.. لكنه هيبدا في اختبار استنتاجه للحروف في الخرطوشة الجديدة.

شامبليون هيطبق دراسته للقبطية علشان يفك الرموز: الرمز الاول على الشمال واللى هو الشمس كانت بتتنطق في القبطية را أو رع..وبما ان انه استند على مبدا ان القبطية هي امتداد للهيروغلفية يبقي اول رمز يتنطق رع، و الرمز الأخير معروف. لانه كان موجود في
ssخرطوشة بطليموس وتنطق س او ،
الاسم في الخرطوشة هو RA __ SS.

m بيقكرك بحد من التاريخ المصري؟ اه فعلا هو رمسيس هو استنتج ان الحرف الناقص هو
أو ميم لكن فى الحقيقة الرمز دا هيكون
ms
دلوقتى السؤال الي بيطرح نفسه اذاى عرف ان في حد اسمه رمسيس؟

في مؤرخ اسمه مانيتون كان عامل ليستة باسماء ملوك مصر باليونانية. فطبعا اول شامبليون شاف الحرف اللى ناقص قالك هو دا انا قريت اسمه قبل كدا.
بعد كدا شامبليون بيروح يزور اخوه ، ويرمى الملاحظات اللى ايديه وهو مش عرف ياخد نفسه ويقول ،! قبل ما يغمى عليه.
وجدتها
شامبليون بينشر أول وأشهر أعماله وهي رسالة إلى السيد داسيير the Letter to Monsieur Dacier, ، وهو عنده واحد وتلاتين سنة.الرسالة بتحتوى على جدول فيه الرموز الهيروغليفية والرموز المقابلة ليها في اليونانية
شامبليون هيصحح المفهوم اللى قاله هورابولو ، لما قال ان رسمة النسر يعني الأم ، والوزة تعني الابن هي فى الحقيقة كانت رسمة بطة مش وزة. وشامبليون ، - هيفسر ان دا كان نوع من التلاعب بالكلمات باستخدام الصور.
مثال




شامبليون بيقول ان في اللغة المصرية كلمة ابن صوت نطقها ذي صوت نطق كلمة بطة. واللى
بتتنطقsa
يعنى المقصود ماكانش صورة البطة. كان صوت نطق كلمة بطة هو الهدف. مش صفات البطة
يعنى انا عايز اقول كلمة ابن بس مش هعرف ارسم ابن فهرسم بطة ولانها نفس نطق كلمة ابن هيتفهم من السياق اني اقصد كلمة ابن
ذي فى الانجليزى (sun-son)عايز اقول ابن بس مش هعرف ارسم ابن ارسم شمس لانها نفس النطق

شامبليون هيعمل رحلة لمصر هيوصل لاكتشاف مهم تانى فيه بخصوص اللغة الهيروغليفية والفرق بين الاسماء المؤنثة والمذكرة من خلال خرطوشة حتشبسوت لكن بعد سنتين من عودته لباريس من مصر، ومعاه دليل قاطع على ان نظريته عن اللغة الهيروغليفية صح ، "كان الموت مستنيه" ، وهيموت اثناء نوبة من نوبات الاغماء.
و مهمة الاستمرار فى البحث هيتركها لسلسلة من الخلفاء ، وأبرزهم عالم اسمه ريتشارد ليبسيوس
الذي نصب نفسه "شامبليون الألماني". كان لبسيوس هو اللى وجد دليلًا صارمًا على أن اراء شامبليون كانت صحيحًة .وفي عام 1866 ، كان لبسيوس جزء من فريق أثري بيشتغل في مصر. في أنقاض مدينة تانيس القديمة ، بالقرب من الاسكندرية واكتشف حجر جديد فيه مقطع طويل باليونانية ونفس المقطع مكتوب بالديموطيقية والهيروغليفية..
واللى اتسمى حجر كانوب واللى كان بياكد أن ترجمات شامبليون كانت على قواعد ونظام مش مجرد إلهام
لكن ولا يونج ولا شامبليون عاشوا لغاية ما يسمعوا عن حجر كانوب. توفي يونج قبل أكتر من 30 سنة على الاكتشاف. و أمضى أيامه الأخيرة أضعف من أنه
يقوم من سريره ولكنه كان مستمر فى العمل، وبيكمل شغله في وضع أساسيات لقاموس للغة المصرية. في مقدمته للقاموس، أشاد يونج باكتشافات شامبليون. لكنه رفض حتى النهاية أهم استنتاج لشامبليون. ان الحروف الهيروغليفية كانت تمثيل للأصوات في الكلمات العادية وأخبر جورني صديقه أنه اذا عاش فهيكون من دواعي سروره أن ينتهي من القاموس دا" ، ".لكن يونج وصل للصفحة 96 في قاموسه قبل أن يضع قلمه للمرة الأخيرة..
Profile Image for Evelina | AvalinahsBooks.
925 reviews472 followers
October 10, 2021
How I read this: Free ebook copy received through Edelweiss
3.5 stars, rounded to 4

The Writing of the Gods is incredibly easily readable and instantly draws you in. It’s very easy to jump into even if you have never read anything of the like before. This is a great thing for nonfiction, because quite a few nonfiction authors fail to make their books accessible to non-academics. In fact, I may have not noticed this, if I wasn’t reading another nonfiction book at the same time as this one (Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art – a book about Neanderthals), and found them in stark difference of accessibility. Where Kindred fails to explain cryptic terms, The Writing of the Gods doesn’t even use them where it can be avoided, therefore making your reading experience natural and accessible.

That said, one thing I noticed was that this book was a little repetitive. It sometimes comes back to the same bits of history and glances over them again, almost as if there was not enough material and it’s trying to fill out the book? Then again, at the end the details on furthering the efforts of decoding after Champollion and Young’s deaths were nearly glossed over in just a couple of pages, and I found that odd as well, so maybe it’s just the chosen pacing, which I wasn’t sure I liked so much. There’s also not a whole lot about the deciphering of the script in general, at least not until the very end.

Anyway, if this was the only book I’d read about deciphering, then maybe I wouldn’t be saying it – but my bar is set extremely high, as a year or two ago I read The Riddle of the Labyrinth: The Quest to Crack an Ancient Code – the story of deciphering Linear B. It seems you can’t write a thrilling story about that sort of thing, but you totally can, and the author of The Riddle of the Labyrinth proved this – I was glued to the pages, reading it like some high-stakes adventure novel. The Writing of the Gods is a great book, but it’s nowhere near The Riddle of the Labyrinth.

Anyway, I had more thoughts about this book, you can read them here in the full review:
https://avalinahsbooks.space/writing-...

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I thank the publisher for giving me a free copy of the ebook in exchange to my honest review. This has not affected my opinion.

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Profile Image for David.
32 reviews2 followers
December 3, 2025
4,5⭐️

Muy recomendable. Libro tratado con mimo y bien documentado. Lo disfrutarán tanto los amantes del antiguo egipcio, como del lenguaje escrito, de la historia y de la arqueología... Narran los hechos de forma amena y ágil por lo que se hace accesible para cualquiera.
77 reviews3 followers
Read
February 5, 2024
Some of the worst writing I’ve encountered
Profile Image for Anmiryam.
836 reviews170 followers
December 1, 2021
My father told me the tale of the Rosetta Stone when I was maybe ten or so. He didn't share details and I'm not sure he knew them, though he knew a great many things so perhaps he simplified the story for my sake. All I knew was that because of the stone scholars had been able to finally unravel the meanings of hieroglyphs that had been a mystery since before the fall of Rome.

In my interpretation, this was a simple task. Read the Greek, now it's easy to read the Egyptian. Hardly. It took nearly three decades before Thomas Young made some initial discoveries which Jean-Francois Champollion used to finally decipher the strange pictograms that had so fascinated explorers for centuries.

Edward Dolnick's recounting of the saga of the stone and the men who were entranced by it is a short book, chock full of interesting tidbits, but it is often repetitive as if he was looking for a way to make the book longer. He tries to create suspense, but in doing so he muddies his narrative and relies on clumsy cliff hangers.

Then, in the final third, we get to the meat of the story and the book takes off. Dolnick's explication of how hieroglyphs work and what it took to discover their meaning is fascinating, clear and will make anyone with the slightest interest in language and puzzles turn pages anxious to learn more. Made me wish I had the dedication and energy to learn Ancient Egyptian, and while that may never be, I am very glad that others spent their lives looking to bring a lost civilization into the history books with greater clarity.
Profile Image for Andy.
2,079 reviews608 followers
December 2, 2022
The decoding of the Rosetta Stone and the unlocking of Ancient Egyptian culture is a fascinating puzzle-solving story. Overall, the book does a pretty good job informing the reader on this. Unfortunately, not that much of the book is about that.
Overall, the book is framed as a race between a British scholar named Young and the French scholar Champollion. This seems somewhat phony. Everyone agrees almost all of the decoding was done by Champollion. And even according to this book, " ...to the last, [Young] rejected Champollion's most important conclusion. Champollion had shown that, in ordinary words and not just in spelling out foreign names, hieroglyphs stood for sounds. With almost his last breath, Young denied it." In other words, Young completely missed the boat on the Egyptian alphabet, so it's not clear how one can even talk about a "race." The only potential bit of controversy is whether Young was the first to have the insight that foreign (non-Egyptian) names were the place to start. According to the book, we don't know whether Champollion had the idea independently of Young or not. So this whole frame for the book seemed annoyingly artificial, if not jingoistic.
In addition, there's an awful lot of filler about the related history.
1,878 reviews51 followers
November 15, 2021
Well-written and engaging. The book's strength, but also its weakness (at least in my eyes) is that it spends a lot of real estate on framing the decoding of Egyptian hieroglyphs in the historical context - not just Egyptian history, but more specifically Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Egypt, and the convoy of scientists that accompanied his soldiers. There are savants, explorers and rogues, Europeans who choose to spend years or decades roaming around the Arabic world and fussy professors in dusty rooms, and more than a few megalomaniacs (Ramesses and Napoleon, to name just a few). This made the book interesting, and easy to read. But I had hoped for a little more linguistic detail, a little more along the lines of "Breaking the Maya Code" or "The Decipherment of Linear B". Still, this light touch as far as the actual mechanics of the deciphering are concerned, which made the book slightly disappointing to me, is probably what will make it attractive to other readers.
Profile Image for Monica San Miguel.
199 reviews28 followers
January 19, 2025
Estupenda historia del descubrimiento de la piedra Rosetta, que es a su vez la historia del descifrado de los jeroglifos y de la escritura egipcia por parte de Champollion (con el aporte de Young, que conocemos fundamentalmente por sus avances y experimentos en física y que parecía estar en todas las "salsas"). El libro se lee como un thriller, la propia historia de los primeros descubridores de la antigua cultura egipcia es una auténtica película, además que explica muy bien el sistema de escritura sobretodo para el público general (evidentemente para los lingüistas el libro será básico pero no creo que sea ese su objetivo) y viene minuciosamente documentado y referenciado.
Profile Image for Nora Rawn.
832 reviews13 followers
September 12, 2022
Absolutely compelling and fascinating--not just in the history of the stone, but in what Dolnick has to say about language and writing.
Profile Image for Víctor Jiménez Martínez.
49 reviews1 follower
December 11, 2025
En toda la historia siempre ha existido cierta emoción de respeto y atracción entorno al conocimiento del mundo. La manera de codificarlo ha supuesto una capa adicional en nuestra visión de la realidad. La escritura fue aquella herramienta que, surgida de las necesidades más basicas, se contradijo a si misma convirtiéndose en el salvavidas de nuestra condición. Entender y plasmar en aras de hablar a una eternidad que quizás llega a escucharnos. Porque lo enigmático es humano, y el doble enigma de escribir y entender lo escrito en palabras remotas y milenarias es uno de los más satisfactorios de la historia.

En "La escritura de los dioses" el periodista Edward Dolnick nos sumerge en la historia del desciframiento de la escritura jeroglífica y la lengua egipcia. Y lo hace con una gracia y una pasión a caballo entre el tono riguroso de la historia, el estirar del hilo propio de la investigación periodística y la despreocupación cercana de la divulgación. Dolnick construye un relato personal que transmite la emoción humana de la carrera intelectual y científica que supuso entender unos símbolos que llevaban milenios sin hablar. Y lo hace centrándose en sus dos protagonistas: el genio predestinado Jean-François Champollion y la estrella polifacética Thomas Young. Así, en una especie de camino sinuoso nos lleva desde el descubrimiento de la piedra Roseta al sistema final propuesto por Champollion con todo lujo de detalle, parando en los pasos clave y saltando entre descubrimientos adyacentes para añadir contexto.

Este libro es una joya divulgativa: es instructivo a muchos niveles. No se limita a narrar los hechos del desciframiento, sino a acompañarnos para adentrarnos en la psique de sus protagonistas y sus métodos. Y eso supone adornar el relato con pinceladas de lingüística, historia, y lengua egipcia. Todo hecho con una cura excepcional, incluyendo el detalle justo para no ahogar al lector y usando referencias claras para anclarlo a fenómenos actuales y conocidos. Es el tipo de libro que te abre el apetito.

Los jeroglifos son un sistema de fonemas, ideogramas y determinativos. Son una y todas a la vez para enmarcar una lengua que quedó fosilizada en el copto. Hasta llegar a eso, que puede parecer simple y básico a posteriori, hicieron falta décadas de estudio exclusivo. El empeño, las serendipias y el amor por una cultura permitieron entender una sociedad que llevaba siglos en un silencio involuntario. En la singularidad hallada entre la muerte y la belleza, Egipto volvió a hablar por si mismo.
1 review
July 31, 2023
Well researched facts presented in very dramatic way that will hold your attention till end. It will open doors not only for hieroglyphics but also for Egyptian culture. You can draw some connection to present day situation with evolution of language and it’s use.
Profile Image for Christopher.
80 reviews7 followers
November 17, 2021
This one ticked all the boxes of a great read for me: Nonfiction, languages, travel, translation. Will be reading again soon.
Profile Image for Ignacio Cristóbal Fernández.
298 reviews47 followers
June 4, 2024
Muy malo. El libro trata sobre el descubrimiento de la Piedra Rosetta y su descifracisión. Las primeras 80 páginas tienen bastantes fallos históricos y juicios de valor. Ahí lo abandoné la primera vez. Con esa desconfianza llegas a la parte lingüística y de jeroglifos, mal hilada, intentando darle salseo con una supuesta lucha entre Champollion y Young, con buenos tópicos anglocéntricos, saltos a un tema y otro.

Parte pedante:

- El buque más grande de la historia no es el Orient, es el Santísima Trinidad (esto se lo sabe hasta mi padre hola papa si me lees)
- La descripción de la batalla de las Pirámides penosa
- El del Darién no es de Hernán Cortés. Es Nuñez de Balboa (traductores, correctores, edutoriales, los que este señor pone en agradecimientos se lo pueden corregir??=inserte este comentario en otros puntos)
- Infantilmente anglocéntrico haciendo oposición de personajes para el salseo. Equipara en 1797 a Napoleón y a Nelson. Nelson venía de ser machacado en Tenerife. Napoleón de ganar la Champions en Italia contra Austria.
- El deplorable intento de oponer a Young con Champollion. Champollion descifró la Piedra Rosetta, inventó la Egiptología, escribió una gramática egipcia, fue un frikazo total. Sin embargo no dice nada de la forma de ser de Newton cuando lo menciona. Parcialidad.
- Nos cuenta que en 1797 Egipto está atrasado por la Peste Negra en el siglo xiv. ¿Y Francia?¿O España en el XVI? ALUCINA.
- Utiliza el término "turcos" que no sabes si son arqueros de la estepas en el xiv o los de 1922. Os juro que pone que Egipto está gobernado por Turquía.
- Juicios de valor constantes sobre el sentir de los personajes. Cuando Champollion descifra algo nuevo siente "júbilo", "regocijo", etc. Cuando Young comete un error, Champollion desde su casa siente "alborozo".
- Efectismos históricos torticeros. Dice que Champollion "recordaría los ecos de la guillotina y la revolución en su Figeac natal". Champollion nace en diciembre de 1790. En Figeac me sale que guillotinan a 5 personas, 3 en marzo de 1794.
- Datos porque sí, idas y venidas, pf un desastre. Tengo aún mas munición pero ya os hacéis una idea de sobra.
Profile Image for William Schram.
2,373 reviews99 followers
November 30, 2024
The Rosetta Stone is a tablet that contains the same message in three different scripts. It was instrumental in solving ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Right now it is in the British Museum. First, a small aside; hieroglyphs is the proper way of referring to the writing system. Hieroglyphics is wrong.

That is all I knew about the Rosetta Stone going into The Writing of the Gods. Author Edward Dolnick does a fantastic job weaving the tale of rival geniuses competing to translate the Rosetta Stone and gain international fame.

The first thing to know about Egypt is that it's old, very ancient, one of the most antique cultures in the world. The Pyramids and Sphinx predate Stonehenge. Although the cuneiform from Sumeria is slightly older, we had nothing to go on with Hieroglyphs. No one used them for centuries, mainly due to Christianity and its Monotheism. Furthermore, Archaeology did not have a history of respect for the cultures they dug up at first.

The book's story focuses on the rivalry between Thomas Young and Jean-Francois Champollion. Both men were brilliant and determined. Thomas Young figured out the secret of the cartouches and how they might denote a person's name. Champollion extended that effort and realized the actual system of speaking the hieroglyphs.

The story reads like a mystery, with plenty of twists and turns. Dolnick discusses the dead ends reached and does a wonderful job of putting the achievements in perspective. It would be like if English became a lost language and all you had to go on was the writing on a few monuments and one of those restaurant placemats.

Thanks for reading my review, and see you next time.
Profile Image for Lynn.
3,386 reviews71 followers
December 26, 2021
Loved Loved This Book

I read it carefully and took it as much information as I could. I loved this account of finding out how the Ancient Egyptian script was discovered after a thousand years of not being read. The author ventured into the history of writing and insights into scripts that I wasn’t aware of before. Well written and clear.
Profile Image for Carmel Rietveld.
29 reviews2 followers
February 21, 2022
Possibly my favorite book of the year so far. Everything a non-fiction book should be- just the right blend of storytelling and facts, a complicated subject simplified for the average person, tons of photos and drawings to aid with understanding, and countless “rabbit trails” of fascinating things to scribble down and learn more about later.
Profile Image for Katie Goodman.
103 reviews
March 6, 2022
Super interesting dive into discovery and translation of the Rosetta Stone, as well as the crazy for Egyptology in 1800s Europe. Wasn’t crazy for the writing style at times but was a good high-level take on a topic I didn’t know a lot about.
Profile Image for Annie Jabs.
114 reviews3 followers
January 18, 2022
An exercise in innumerable tangents, but not all totally uninteresting.
Profile Image for Ben.
969 reviews118 followers
October 31, 2021
Another fascinating story of decoding a script, like Margalit Fox's "The Riddle of the Labyrinth" on Linear B.

> Egyptians knew about wheels, which had been in use in neighboring empires for five centuries. They chose not to use them. (About a thousand years after the pyramid era, they began building war chariots.) We might think we understand the appeal of tradition and the fear of change, but Egyptian culture was conservative to a degree we can scarcely fathom. Art highlights the point. The same drawings turn up again and again in temples built two thousand years apart. Here the pharaoh grabs his enemies by the hair with one hand and raises the other to strike a mighty blow, and there—a thousand miles and a thousand years away—the identical image recurs. … “When you go into a museum,” Brier continues, “you can look at a statue from 2500 BC, and 1500 BC, and 500 BC, and they’re not really different. And that’s why you can recognize Egyptian art at a glance, because it didn’t change.”

> Some archaeologists believe that we overestimate how much thought Egyptians gave to death. In ancient Egypt, towns typically rose up on wet, fertile ground, while tombs and cemeteries were relegated to the desert’s edge. As a result, the most abundant and best-preserved relics are those associated with death. “This has given us a very distorted view of the culture,” writes the Egyptologist Richard Parkinson. “Imagine if only municipal cemeteries were preserved from Victorian Britain.”

> Most of the trouble arose from a single root: the ruling family were outsiders. They were not Egyptian but Greek. Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt in 332 BC; after his death, one of his generals became pharaoh, and Ptolemy was a descendant of that general. … None of the rulers in the Ptolemaic line bothered to learn the local language. On the evening before one battle, Ptolemy IV (the father of the Rosetta Stone’s Ptolemy) delivered a speech meant to rally the troops in “band of brothers” fashion. But the speech fell flat because an interpreter had to translate the pharaoh’s Greek into Egyptian.

> The heyday of Coptic dated from around the third century AD until shortly after the Arabs conquered Egypt in 642 AD. Within the following few centuries, Islam would displace Christianity and Arabic would displace Coptic. By the 1600s, a once-thriving language had become a relic. … Coptic had one crucial feature that set it apart from Egyptian. It was written not with hieroglyphs but using the Greek alphabet, augmented by half a dozen symbols for sounds not found in Greek.

> A decade later, after Napoleon had been defeated and the looted texts returned to the Vatican, one scholar found Champollion’s scribbled notes in the margins. “ I think there are few Coptic books in Europe he has not examined… There is no book in the Vatican in that language that has not remarks of Champollion in almost every page, which he made when the manuscripts were at Paris.”

> Demotic looks like “row upon row of agitated commas,” one modern Egyptologist observes. “It is perfectly dreadful stuff to read.”

> Nowadays starting with names is standard practice for decipherers. … Young had made a conceptual breakthrough. By deciphering Ptolemy on the Rosetta Stone, he had shown that hieroglyphs sometimes stood for sounds.

> According to the myth, Minos’s daughter Ariadne gave Theseus a ball of string—a clewe, in Middle English—so that, after he had slain the Minotaur, he could follow the string and find his way back out of the labyrinth. Eventually the word clewe became clue, still retaining its original sense of a hint to unraveling a mystery. The usage is so deeply embedded in the language that to this day we talk about “following the thread” of a difficult explanation.

> During World War II he served as a navigator for the Royal Air Force. When he flew back to base from bombing raids over Germany, one journalist wrote, “Ventris would set course and then, clearing a space on the navigator’s table, happily set to work on his Linear B documents, while the aircraft groaned its way home, searchlights stretched up their probing fingers, and bursts of flak shook the bomber.”

> "Hieroglyphics" was not discovered until 1419, a thousand years after Horapollo’s death, when an Italian monk happened on a Greek translation. Where the book had been in the meantime and how it had come to be translated in the first place, no one knows. But as soon as it was unearthed, the work was hailed as the key to hieroglyphs, and it retained that status for four centuries. … Horapollo hammered home his central theme—hieroglyphs were emblems and allegories, and they conveyed symbolic messages. “When [Egyptians] wish to symbolize a god, or something sublime,” he wrote, “… they draw a hawk.” Why a hawk in particular? Because “other birds, when they wish to fly, proceed on a slant, it being impossible for them to rise directly. Only the hawk flies straight upwards.”

> A Greek historian named Diodorus Siculus had visited Egypt in the first century BC and reported that Egyptian writing was different from all others; it was not based on letters or syllables but on pictures that carried metaphoric meaning. A crocodile stood for evil, for instance, and an eye for justice. In around 120 AD Plutarch, a Greek historian far more prominent than Diodorus, had explained that a hieroglyph of a fish symbolized hatred because the sea, which teems with fish, devours the Nile, which provides life. A hippopotamus stood for violence and immorality because male hippos kill their fathers and mate with their mothers.

> Like ciphers in wartime, the experts insisted, hieroglyphs were designed to be difficult. That belief, all but universal until the 1800s, sent would-be decipherers in the wrong direction. Rather than burrow into the ground in search of mundane meanings behind the cryptic symbols, they sailed aloft into ever more far-fetched realms of hot air and learned silliness. With hindsight, it seems bewildering that deep thinkers insisted even into the Age of Science that hieroglyphs concealed mystic truths behind elaborate masks. The trouble began with misplaced faith. Plutarch and Horapollo and the others were names to reckon with

> in the 1950s, when scholars were still wrestling futilely with Mayan glyphs. That New World picture-writing was finally deciphered in the 1970s, in one of the great linguistic and archaeological triumphs of modern times. The story is told thrillingly (by one of the participants) in Michael Coe’s Breaking the Maya Code. The story has uncanny echoes of the Egyptian tale, although there was no Mayan counterpart of the Rosetta Stone.

> Isaac Newton, who lived more than a thousand years after Horapollo, fervently believed that ancient Egyptians had grasped all the secrets of nature’s cosmic choreography. The task of modern thinkers, Newton and his peers believed, was not to break new ground but to recover those ancient insights. … he insisted that the ancient Egyptians had made all his most important discoveries thousands of years before him. They had known the law of gravitation and all the other secrets of the cosmos; the point of hieroglyphs was to hide that knowledge from the unworthy. “The Egyptians,” Newton wrote, “concealed mysteries that were above the capacity of the common herd under the veil of religious rites and hieroglyphic symbols.” … The view that thinkers who lived thousands of years ago knew more than we do, even about scientific matters, upends everything that we believe today. But in the 1600s and 1700s, it was common sense. The doctrine was called “the wisdom of the ancients.” In ancient days thinkers had been privy to nature’s secrets, scholars proclaimed, but then corrupt and sinning humankind had fumbled away those divine gifts. As the world decayed intellectually and morally, countless truths vanished.

> The key bit of good fortune was that Ptolemy and Cleopatra contained several letters in common, namely P, T, O, and L. Young had guessed years before that the Rosetta cartouches spelled out Ptolemy (actually the Greek form of the name, Ptolemaios) in hieroglyphs. Now Champollion did the same.

> The Cleopatra cartouche had helped speed Champollion on his way. For Young, the same cartouche represented an enormous missed chance. Bankes had sent him his obelisk inscriptions, too, and Young had immediately spotted something odd. He knew, from the Greek inscription, that Bankes’s second cartouche likely spelled out Cleopatra. (The first cartouche spelled out Ptolemy, which Young recognized from the Rosetta Stone.) But the copyist who had recorded the hieroglyphs had made a mistake—the first symbol in Cleopatra’s name should have been a hieroglyph that stood for the sound k, but instead the copyist had written the hieroglyph for t. Young had frowned and put the inscriptions aside. “As I had not leisure at the time to enter into a very minute comparison of the name with other authorities, I suffered myself to be discouraged with respect to the application of my alphabet to its analysis.” Young had tripped over a typo.

> It was fire, the destroyer of libraries ever since Alexandria, that saved the texts from the earliest libraries, which were written not on paper or papyrus but on clay. “When in wars and invasions the great Mesopotamian cities were burned down,” writes the historian Stephen Greenblatt, “the sun-dried tablets in the libraries and royal archives were in effect baked into durable form. In their death agonies, the palace and the temples had become kilns.”

> sometimes there were errors in the originals, because the craftsmen who carved hieroglyphs into stone or painted them on walls and monuments were seldom literate; they worked from texts written by scribes, but they could not read what they were copying. In contrast, texts on papyrus were written by the scribes themselves and therefore far less likely to contain mistakes.

> The Incas were the exception to the rule—the only known example of an empire that made no use of a writing system. The knotted cords the Incas called quipu did provide a sophisticated way of recording numbers (but apparently not words).

> In Assyria, for instance, thousands upon thousands of inscriptions and carvings depict tortures and massacres in careful detail. This royal reminiscence, from a king named Sennacherib who ruled around 700 BC, is typical: “I cut their throats like lambs… With the bodies of their warriors, I filled the plain, like grass. Their testicles I cut off, and tore out their privates like the seeds of cucumbers.”

> Each pharaoh had several names, including a birth name and a throne name chosen when the king’s reign began. Ozymandias was a Greek version of Ramesses’s throne name

> As a teenager Champollion had boasted, “I give myself up entirely to Coptic,” and “I dream in Coptic.” By 1822 he had been steeping in Coptic for more than a decade. Now, it seems likely, Champollion rolled the pharaohs’ names across his tongue, drawing out the syllables. Ra-mes-ses. Toth-mes. And he thought of the Coptic word mise (pronounced me-say), which meant birth. So Ramesses and Tothmes were not merely names, but names with meanings. Born of Ra, the Sun God. Born of Toth, the God of Writing.

> The Bible never specifies just what kind of fruit grew on the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Genesis refers only to a generic fruit. The apple didn’t come along until around 400 AD, when Saint Jerome produced a new Latin translation of the Bible. Because the Latin word malum happens to mean both apple and evil, Jerome had the bright idea of placing a pun at the heart of one of the Western world’s founding myths.

> a given hieroglyph could change roles without warning. A duck might mean son in one context; in another setting it might mean an ordinary, quacking duck, such as you might see on any pond; and still elsewhere it could mean the sound sa, the sound of the Egyptian word for duck.

> Champollion’s task was to find every hieroglyphic text he could lay his hands on and read it aloud while listening intently for words that sounded like Coptic.

> Roughly speaking, it was as if English were written with consonants only and scholars had to decide whether crt meant carrot or create. For Champollion, the lack of vowels brought an unexpected difficulty in its wake. In ancient Egypt, the notion of “homonym” was broader than it is for us—so long as the consonants in two words matched, that would do. You could draw a picture of one to stand for the other. The words might have sounded the same, but they might not have. A scribe might have drawn a pear to mean pair, but a pear could equally well have meant any of a host of words with the consonants pr—it might have meant pier or peer or poor or pour or pore or pry or even pyre.

> Characters in old novels were always wandering into pubs with names like Ye Fox and Hounds. In past eras, ye was pronounced the. The use of Y for Th was just a typographical convention (like f for s in we hold these truths to be felf-evident).

> One of the most familiar verses in the Bible—Give us this day our daily bread—contains a word that has tormented writers and translators since ancient times. The Greek word epiousios, which is customarily translated as daily, occurs in the Lord’s Prayer and nowhere else in the Bible or in Greek literature. (The original language of the New Testament was Greek.) No one knows for sure what it meant, and Greek had a perfectly ordinary word for daily

> Shakespeare in vented thousands of words, including many that are now familiar, such as horrid, vast, and lonely. But some words occur only once, and in phrases where context does not come to the rescue. In one of the history plays, for instance, Shakespeare refers to soldiers killed in battle and says they were “balk’d in their own blood.” No one knows what he meant. One theory is that balk’d was a typo for baked.

> Little to do with Egyptian determinatives was simple. Determinatives for verbs were often harder to decode than those for nouns, for instance, because actions were hard to capture in pictures. A determinative that showed a pair of walking legs meant hunt and go and hurry (and also linger and even stop). Ideas were harder still. Even so, there was a determinative—a picture—for things that cannot be pictured. A drawing of a rolled-up papyrus scroll signaled an abstraction, like writing. … A hieroglyph might look exactly like any other hieroglyph but function solely as a silent guide to the meaning of other hieroglyphs. And, if Champollion had it right, determinatives were not exotic features that turned up only in rare settings. They were everywhere, and until you had made sense of them, every text you looked at would trip you up.

> Another eighty-odd hieroglyphs stand for two consonants. A hieroglyph that looks like a bowl, for instance, stands for the letters nb (pronounced, by convention, as neb). That is decidedly odd, because the alphabet already has perfectly fine hieroglyphs for n and b … Some hieroglyphs stand for three consonants. (The ankh symbol— —is one.

> The word snake in hieroglyphs. The first four signs stand for sounds. The long, bent snake represents the sound j (as in jail), the hand is d, the horned viper is f, and the half-loaf of bread stands for t. (The word was pronounced, roughly, djedfet.) The third, wriggly snake is a determinative, a silent reminder that the entire string of symbols represents snake.

> the complexity of the hieroglyphic system never counted against it in the minds of its Egyptian users. The reason was that ease was never the point. Reading and writing were specialized skills in ancient Egypt, and those who had mastered those arts saw no reason to hand down a ladder so that others might climb to the same heights. The difficulty of the hieroglyphic script was a feature, not a bug.

> Young’s problem was partly that he had run out of ideas, and partly that so many subjects fascinated him. In the winter of 1816, he sent a note to the editor of theEncyclopedia Britannica, who had asked Young if he would write an essay on acoustics. Young took that assignment and added some ideas of his own. “I would also suggest Alphabet, Annuities, Attraction, Capillary Action, Cohesion, Colour, Dew, Egypt, Forms, Friction, Halo, Hieroglyphic, Hydraulics, Motion, Resistance, Ship, Strength, Tides, and Waves,” and “anything of a medical nature.” Over the next half-dozen years, Young wrote sixty-three articles for the Britannica, including his groundbreaking “Egypt” essay.

> In the ruins of the ancient city of Tanis, near Alexandria—Tanis was the sand-buried city in Raiders of the Lost Ark—Lepsius discovered a counterpart of the Rosetta Stone. Until Lepsius unearthed it, no one had any idea that it existed. This new stone contained a long passage in Greek and the same passage written out in demotic and in hieroglyphs. The message, which was composed a few decades earlier than the Rosetta Stone, is nothing special—it praises the pharaoh and talks about fixing glitches in the calendar. But the message wasn’t the point. The point of the Canopus Stone (it was named for the city where it was written) was that its text differed from that of the Rosetta Stone.

> Napoleon brought artists and scientists with him to Egypt. When they returned home in the early 1800s, their accounts of the wonders they had seen triggered a craze for all things Egyptian. The frenzy, called Egyptomania, lasted for decades and extended to America as well as Europe. (That is why the Washington Monument is an obelisk.)
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