Исчезнувший музей. История хищения шедевров мирового искусства

by Hector Feliciano

Какова судьба многих тысяч произведений мирового искусства, похищенных нацистами во время Второй мировой войны? В одной только Франции было изъято более 100 тысяч картин, полмиллиона предметов мебели и более миллиона книг! Большая часть из них принадлежала евреям - семьям и отдельным коллекционерам. Автор книги называет цифры в 20-40 тысяч — впечатляющее количество вещей, словно канувших в Лету. Тщательно изучая все факты и прослеживая затерянные следы, Фелисиано шаг за шагом расследует истории пропавших картин из коллекции парижского торговца Поля Розенберга, банкиров Ротшильдов и Дэвид-Вейлов, братьев-маршанов Бернхейм-Жёнов, коллекционера Альфонса Канна и других. Благодаря его усилиям, некоторым наследникам удалось вернуть семейные реликвии, а другие, наоборот, обвинили его в клевете за раскрытие фактов коллаборационизма отдельных галеристов и подали в суд, но безуспешно. Фелисиано поднимает не теряющую остроты проблему реституции, рассуждая о том, как после войны многие работы могли затеряться на мировом художественном рынке иногда по случайности, а иногда и из-за сознательного попустительства игроков арт-рынка. Отдельное внимание автор уделяет роли Швейцарии в разграблении Франции, ведь после войны многие украденные произведения искусства были обнаружены именно там.

Genres: History, Art, Nonfiction, World War II, Art History, 20th Century, Research

448 pages, Hardcover

First published May 12, 1997

Reviews

[Israel Montoya Baquero · Rating 4 out of 5]

Metótico y realmente completo ensayo de investigación que aborda uno de los periodos más oscuros de la historia del arte: los saqueos, despiadados y sistemáticos, llevados a cabo por la maquinaria de guerra nazi de las diversas colecciones artísticas de la Europa ocupada.
Feliciano sigue el rastro de algunas de las más importantes colecciones de arte de la Francia ocupada por los nazis, poniendo de relieve la auténtica falta de escrúpulos, no solo de los grandes dirigentes alemanes (auténticos promotores del indiscriminado saqueo), sino también de algunos de los marchantes franceses de la época, colaboracionistas del régimen nazi, que vieron en los cuatro años que duró la ocupación alemana una oportunidad de oro para enriquecerse.
Igualmente sangrante es la actitud de marchantes, museos, galerías y casas de subastas en los años posteriores a la guerra. Todos ellos, con alguna honrosa excepción, decidieron mostrarse del todo ciegos a la procedencia de muchas de las obras que figuraban en sus catálogos, intentando, pero no consiguiendo, correr un tupido velo sobre uno de los momentos más bochornosos en la historia del arte universal.
Estamos ante un libro interesante, incluso para el público general, escrito de una manera distentida y sencilla, que hará las delicias de los aficionados a la Historia del Arte (y que les revolverá bastante las tripas al mostrar las tropelías realizadas durante, y después de, la II Guerra Mundial).

[Lauren · Rating 3 out of 5]

This was a fascinating book about the plunder of Europe's art by the Nazis. One so often hears about the holocaust and other atrocities against people, that it was interesting to see a fuller part of the overarching plan. The Nazi's destroyed or sold to non-arayans work they considered "degenerate", and kept for themselves, sometimes in personal collections, what they considered to be great art.

The author, however, had a bone to pick and that overshadowed the historic aspects of the book. It became very clear that this was an agenda driven book rather than one written purely out of interest in the subject.

[Writerlibrarian · Rating 4 out of 5]

Which was fantastic and quite enjoyable. Also very informative. Anyone interested in art theft, how art is sold, pillage and how WW2 was the ultimate time to steal great works of art must find this book. I truly enjoyed it.

It's really, really good, well written and it made me look for 2 titles : one is already requested in ILL The Faustian Bargain and the second was ordered for the library The Monument Men.

A good introduction on the subject of spoiled art during WW2.

[Beth · Rating 3 out of 5]

"The story of the systematic pillaging of Jewish-owned artwork during World War II. Between 1939 and 1944, the Nazi occupation of France enabled Germany to confiscate rare works from Jewish art collectors and gallery owners." From the back cover. Many works have not yet been returned though, according to Feliciano, the records exist to accomplish this task.

[Mae · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book, tells the story of the breaktrhough investigation and findings of all the art that was stollen by the Nazis. This guy is from Puerto Rico and his research has been only recognized by few experts. It is time that more people read about the guy behind this findings and the truth of what happened and is still happening.

[Dao · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting book that documents how great works of art were looted from occupied France during WWII. Parts of the book are too detailed for the general interest reader but overall, the book was an easy read on a very interesting topic.

[Alice Verberne · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent book for those interested in art and the history of WWII. Gives insight to Hitler and his dreams of being a great art collector. Exposes collaborators and others in the art scene at the time. Opens the reader's eyes to the underhanded methods of the Swiss bankers as art launderers.

[Adam Hummel · Rating 3 out of 5]

Am sure this book was good when it was initially published 20 years ago but there are much newer and more detailed accounts of Nazi art theft which are better to read as they answer many more questions. In any event, interesting book and the author is clearly passionate about the subject matter.

[Alexandra Cameron · Rating 4 out of 5]

Fascinating read and enormously helpful with research for my own book. Shocking subject. Still very controversial.

[Rachel Carr · Rating 3 out of 5]

Interesting topic, but definitely a book more for scholars than general interest.

[Melissa · Rating 3 out of 5]

Very compelling subject, but the format and writing style seemed more like a business report than a good non-fiction book.

[Raquel C. Arco · Rating 5 out of 5]

Feliciano, Héctor. El museo desaparecido. La conspiración nazi para robar las obras maestras del arte mundial. Destino (Grupo Planeta), Barcelona, 2004.

Esta versión definitiva, revisada y ampliada (Destino la publicó por vez primera en 1997) nos permite averiguar que cerca de 2000 pinturas que pendían en museos galos eran obras que los nazis habían arrebatado a sus legítimos propietarios. La exhaustiva investigación de Feliciano, periodista estadounidense, estuvo terminada en 1996 y se publicó primero en Francia (1997) y los Estados Unidos (1997); poco después, en Inglaterra, Canadá, Alemania, Japón y Argentina, llegando a España ese mismo año.


El astrónomo, de Vermeer, en el Louvre conserva las huellas del expolio. En el reverso del lienzo aún pueden detectarse pequeñas, diminutas y casi inapreciables trazas de una cruz gamada sellada (casi borrada).

Las rutas del expolio en Europa pueden rastrearse a través de diversos museos que no ocultan la procedencia de las obras. Tras la II Guerra Mundial, y ante la inicial ausencia de reclamaciones, los museos se apropiaron de ellas. Si bien algunos museos instituyeron diversas campañas para dar con el paradero de propietarios o herederos. No obstante, Feliciano sostiene que el empeño de estos museos no ha sido el adecuado. El autor despliega con precisión el complicado sistema que los nazis implantaron para hacerse con su botín. Abundan las siglas, las cifras y las fechas relacionadas con todo este expolio. Pero nada en esta exhaustiva investigación sobre la incautación nazi de obras de arte, en connivencia con algunas galerías que ya existían en aquel entonces, se hace pesado. Me parece una lectura muy recomendable.

[Iñaki Tofiño · Rating 5 out of 5]

Fantástico trabajo de investigación sobre el expolio nazi de colecciones de arte privadas en la Francia ocupada (en gran parte, propiedad de magnates judíos) y la connivencia de marchantes franceses, alemanes y suizos con ese robo que, en muchos casos, hace que a día de hoy multitud de obras sigan en museos sin que se sepa su verdadero propietario (algo que, evidentemente, favorece a los museos, que no muestran demasiado interés en buscar a los legítimos propietarios).
Un anexo explica la ayuda que el diplomático español Eduardo Propper de Callejón prestó a multitud de judíos expidiendo visados de tránsito que les permitían huir del nazismo, una actividad frenada por la llegada del filonazi Ramón Serrano Suñer al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores.

[Katherine Kappelmann · Rating 3 out of 5]

This was an intriguing deep-dive into the Nazi confiscation and sale of French-held artworks during WWII. The Nazis systematically appropriated major French collections (primarily Jewish ones) and transported them to Germany or sold/traded them through a complicated Parisian art market. Many of the works are still lost or were never returned to their original owners after the war, at least partially due to a lack of cooperation from the Swiss government and French cultural institutions. The book sometimes felt confusing and slightly unfocused, but it was certainly interesting.

[Judy · Rating 4 out of 5]

4.5 stars. I found it very interesting because I like reading about art stolen in WWII. However, the book doesn’t read like a story so you will only enjoy it if you like the subject. I also suggest reading this newest version as it has interesting updates from the previous publication. This book is about art taken from Paris/France. It’s not about one museum but basically a museum’s worth and more of art that was taken. He follows art from several collections. I found it fascinating.

[Sandy · Rating 4 out of 5]

I read this book in connection to a Road Scholar trip to art museums in Los Angeles. The author spent years doing research for this 1995 book. How did so many pieces of art go to reputable museums around the world with one person questioning where they came from and who they might belong to. Mind boggling. Now that it’s 80 years since the end of WWII these stolen works of art will probably never go back to owners or owners’s heirs.

[Julian Walker · Rating 4 out of 5]

A supremely well written and researched insight into such a brazen and systemic art theft, which keeps up the pace while examining all the angles.

The most extraordinary fact in this gripping read, is the shameless way in which the establishment appears to have made little attempt to right the wrongs of the past - even when the author shows the way.

Pacey, informative and fascinating.

[Helena · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is an extremely interesting book and you get to know a side of the nazis not that very often explored.
I give it four stars because the writing is, sometimes, a little bit confuse, but it can be a problem of the portuguese translation.

[Mario]

Interesting book, mostly about French pre-war art scene and they suffering under Nazi occupation.

[Hildie]

DNF; interesting but a little dry and had a hard time making myself come back to it, so will likely try again another time

[Oriane Burnett · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very interesting book which allowed me to build more of my culture on stolen art during WWII.

[Angie · Rating 2 out of 5]

Hitler loved art and it was one of his goals to return many of the masters to Germany and to set up one of the best museums in the world. In order to do that he pillaged and plundered Europe. This book covers Paris and its stolen art and is based on an article written in France. I knew about the Nazi's agenda to steal art, but I didn't realize how systematic it was. Hitler and Goering were determined to find and send to Germany as much art as possible, most of which was taken from wealthy Parisian Jews. As in other areas during WWII, there was a lot of collaboration from the Paris art dealers. In fact the Paris art world was booming during this period. Art was going for outrageous prices (both high and low) and dealers were becoming really wealthy. None of the activities during the war really surprised me. What surprised me most was what happened after the war when the owners tried to get their possessions back. Barely half of the art stolen by the Nazis has been found and returned. There was a great deal of effort immediately after the war, but there was also a lot of stonewalling and dead ends. If the art ended up in Eastern Europe, it became the spoils of war or reparations for the Soviet Union. Most of that art has never been seen. If it ended up in Switzerland, a supposed neutral country, there was no recourse to get it back. Swiss law was such that it was almost impossible to claim stolen goods there even if you knew where they were. I think what really surprised me was the French museums and the auction houses. There are some 2000 pieces in French museums that are Nazi contraband and have never been claimed; however, the museums have made almost no effort to find the owners. The auctions houses are even worse. Places like Christie's and Sotheby's have sold stolen art repeatedly with little or no investigation into their provenances.

Of course all this information is from The Lost Museum. While I found the information really interesting, the book was not. It was not well written or easily readable. Part of this may be the translation, but that does not explain how boring it was in parts. I found myself skimming probably half of the book just to get through it. There are paragraphs long lists of paintings. The author also gives biographies of the Jews whose art was stolen, but spends very little time on the actual story of the theft. Instead of a laundry list of paintings, I would have preferred more on the actual story about the journey the art took and what happened to it after the war. There is some of this but not enough.

[Erik Graff · Rating 3 out of 5]

Feliciano is to be thanked for the years of sleuthing behind this book about art thefts during and after WWII. The Nazis were by far the worst of the culprits, but they did not lack for more-than-willing co-conspirators. Indeed, the objects of their greed, many of them, continue to circulate in the profitable world of fine art.

However, while the research represented in this book deserves praise and would have constituted a worthy doctoral dissertation, the text itself is dry and lifeless. What might have been an exciting story of investigation and discovery is instead a rather plodding account of results and conclusions. There is a great deal of name-dropping of artists, of works, of collectors and of experts--references which might be richly informative to readers immersed in the world of high culture, but which might well bore the average reader. There is relatively little about the Nazis themselves, their tastes in art and the reasons for their preferences--a discussion which would have made for a more interesting book.

For me the overwhelming impression was of how the rich are not like the rest of us. Again, unfortunately, this work offers no class analysis whatsoever.

[Catarina · Rating 4 out of 5]

O livro é muito interessante, na medida em que estuda muito bem a ascensão do nazismo e o seu reflexo na vontade da Alemanha nazi se tornar um portento de arte. A par disso, a paixão ignorante de Hitler e de Goering pelos quadros, histórias de famílias ricas, cultas, despojadas de anos de investimento em arte pelo regime. Para quem estude arte, acho verdadeiramente muito interessante a leitura. Para quem se interessa pelo tema, como eu, de uma forma mais leiga, é interessante para ter uma perspectiva da guerra diferente e da História.

[Martin Streetman · Rating 3 out of 5]

A great snow day allowed me to finish up this book from the random bookmarks shelf. It was good if you like the subject matter (Nazi looting of the art world during WWII. That being said it was a lot mor dry than The Rape of Europa and Beautiful loot, both of which I liked better.

[JayeL]

July 2015: not available on audio at Mechanics' Institute

[Ellen Toman · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is one of the best books I have ever read...art and history lovers would thoroughly enjoy it although everyone would be intrigued by it.

[Robyn]

I did not finish the book. There was too much detail and I wanted more of a mystery/story to follow.

[Renee]

An art history detective story! Fascinating.

[Danielle · Rating 4 out of 5]

Of the importance to keep detailed traces of the treasures of the world...