The Geographical Pivot of History

by John Mackinder, Halford

In April of 1904, a lecture by Sir Halford J. Mackinder, the founder of the school of geopolitics, called "The Geographical Pivot of History" was published in the Geographical Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. Mackinder's thesis argued that the coming of steam power, electricity and the railways was at last permitting continental nations to overcome the physical obstacles that had hampered their development in the past. In particular, the railway was enabling tsarist Russia to exploit its vast internal resources and to make strategic inroads in the far east and towards India that its imperial rival Great Britain could not counter. Land power was thus eroding the geopolitical advantages that had been enjoyed by the western sea powers.

The rest of the 20th century bore witness to Mackinder's treatise.

Formatted for Kindle readers and faithful to the 1904 publication, this primer in geopolitics is a spellbinding read. Have a "Look Inside".

Genres: History, Politics, Nonfiction, Geography, World History, Philosophy, International Relations

41 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1904

Reviews

[Stephen · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a re-publication of an article that first appeared in The Geographical Journal in 1904. The age of the piece doesn't necessarily invalidate it because it takes a grand sweep of geography and uses it to cross reference a grand sweep of history. It examines a number of vast currents of history in the context of the physical geography in which they occur and draws a number of conclusions that are of interest to us today.

The main thesis is that it is the core of the Eurasian land mass - what today we would see as Russia, Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, and western China - that has driven the main currents in world history. In the model presented, it is the movements from the core - The Pivot Area - to the periphery (Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Sub-Continent, and south east Asia) that have determined both who we are today and how we live today. There is a certain degree of resonance in this argument.

We may object to the argument by asking about North and South America, and Africa. There is a case to say that this Outer Crescent of influence has been fairly dominant in recent decades. And this is where the argument gets interesting. Two factors militate towards the re-assertion of the argument.

The first is the view that the Americas are naturally isolationist. If the global US turns out to be an historical aberration, and that the flow of history reverts to the normal state of affairs, then the withdrawal of the US from global affairs would be a natural future to expect. In many ways, this may be forced upon US aspirations in the 2020s by a latent fiscal crisis. This is certainly a future to look out for.

The second factor is the current rise of China. The strategic gaze of China is westwards - the re-integration of the Eurasian land mass under the leadership of China. It is interesting to note that Mackinder sees the railways as a vehicle of integration, and a core aspect of current policy in China is laying down high speed rail links as a force of integration. This is all wrapped into the current 'Belt and Road Initiative', which is certainly a feature to be aware of in future geo-politics.

I am quite sympathetic to this argument. A stronger case is made for it in Peter Frankopan's pair of books on the Silk Roads. Historically, the Silk Roads were a major integrative force in world history. Trade in goods facilitated the transmission of culture and learning. It has the capacity to do the same again. As we head towards a post-American world order, one wonders if the emergent world order will be one based upon commerce?

I enjoyed reading the article. It was written in the language of 1904, so the reader has to take that into account. That doesn't detract from the main theme. Whilst there are a few exceptions to the rules established, I think that the main rule is a good one. If you are looking to gain an understanding of the current direction of geo-politics, this is a good starting point.

[A · Rating 4 out of 5]

I found the historical parts of the essay most interesting, e.g. the dynamic where the Central Asian heartland’s mobile warriors go out to invade somewhere, which then triggers a response that unifies said country/nation/territory being attacked. Other examples from other attackers show this same dynamic of an attack unifying a country. Some prime examples include China building the great wall, divided Europe becoming a unified Christendom due to attacks on Christians in Jerusalem thereby setting off the Crusades, France becoming unified under threat of conquest by England in the 100 Years’ War, the United States becoming united and states only due to the war vs. Great Britain, etc.

Parallels can even be drawn between the mobile horsemen of old never having their heartland conquered due to their mobility, and the continual failures to invade Russia (Napoleon and Hitler).

I also enjoyed the analytic division between the Pivot (heartland), agricultural areas, and sea invaders as a threefold division of countries, which look like a central oval and two surrounding crescents as a geopolitical division. E.g. we have central nomads, agricultural centers like Egypt and Mesopotamia, and invaders from the sea (as in the ones who invaded in the ~1800 BC Near East Collapse). The same division could be made 3000 years later, where we have the Mongols, central and western European countries as agricultural hubs, and the vikings as sea invaders.

[Emilio Segura · Rating 3 out of 5]

Very racist way to speak about the people who this guy's beleive are not western white people but definitely the text is still in use by the main hegemonic powers in trying to stop Russian progress by making conflicts in his periferia.

[noblethumos · Rating 5 out of 5]

Halford Mackinder's seminal work, "The Geographical Pivot of History," presents a groundbreaking geopolitical analysis of global power dynamics and the role of geography in shaping historical events. Mackinder's theory revolves around the notion of a geopolitical "pivot," a strategic region that, if controlled, could determine global supremacy. This review aims to provide an academic evaluation of Mackinder's arguments, discussing the book's strengths, weaknesses, and its significance within the fields of geopolitics, international relations, and historical geography.


"The Geographical Pivot of History" by Halford Mackinder explores the profound influence of geography on the course of history. Mackinder contends that control over the Eurasian "Heartland," with its vast resources and strategic position, is crucial for world domination. He analyzes the historical struggles for dominance over this region, highlighting the geopolitical significance of central Asia and its surrounding territories. Mackinder's theory not only offers insights into past conflicts but also provides a framework for understanding contemporary global power dynamics.

Mackinder's work stands out for its interdisciplinary approach, combining historical analysis, geopolitical theory, and geographical understanding. He draws upon a wide range of sources, including historical records, geographic data, and political observations, to construct his theory of the "pivot." Mackinder's analysis prompts critical reflections on the interplay between geography, power, and historical development, offering a unique perspective that remains relevant to contemporary geopolitical discussions.


One of the notable strengths of "The Geographical Pivot of History" lies in Mackinder's ability to connect geographical factors with broader historical processes. His theory of the pivot presents a compelling framework for understanding the struggles for global power throughout history. By emphasizing the significance of geographical resources, strategic positioning, and transportation routes, Mackinder provides valuable insights into the motivations and actions of historical actors.

Furthermore, Mackinder's analysis has proven prescient in many instances. His identification of the Eurasian Heartland as a region of geopolitical significance anticipated the subsequent rivalries and conflicts that unfolded during the 20th century. The book's ability to predict and explain geopolitical developments, such as the rise of the Soviet Union and the challenges faced by maritime powers, demonstrates its enduring relevance.


While "The Geographical Pivot of History" offers a groundbreaking analysis, it is not without its limitations. Critics argue that Mackinder's theory may oversimplify complex historical events, reducing them to geographical determinism. A more nuanced consideration of the role of other factors, such as ideology, culture, and technology, would enhance the book's analytical breadth and provide a more comprehensive understanding of historical dynamics.

Additionally, Mackinder's work has faced criticism for its Eurocentric perspective, focusing primarily on the Eurasian Heartland and neglecting the complexities of other regions in global power relations. A more inclusive analysis that accounts for the multiple geopolitical "pivots" around the world would provide a more balanced and comprehensive assessment of global power dynamics.


"The Geographical Pivot of History" holds significant importance within the fields of geopolitics, international relations, and historical geography as a foundational work that revolutionized our understanding of global power dynamics. Mackinder's theory of the pivot has had a lasting impact on strategic thinking, informing the strategies of nations and shaping geopolitical debates. The book's contribution lies in its ability to illuminate the profound interplay between geography and history, fostering critical reflections on the enduring relevance of geographical factors in shaping political and historical developments.

GPT

[Kenneth · Rating 5 out of 5]

Halford J. Mackinder was a turn of the 20th century geographer who analyzed geopolitical world affairs as an ongoing confrontation between what he called the Pivot Area, and the Outer Crescent. The "Pivot Area" roughly corresponds to what is now Russia plus Central Asia; the "Outer Crescent" consists of those nations which are or were (in his time) maritime powers, i.e. the USA, Canada, South America the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In general, if I understand him correctly, the Outer Crescent powers do not want the Pivot Area powers to dominate the rest of Europe and Asia. Mackinder's ideas have been the starting point for a great deal of subsequent geopolitical analysis. You can use them as a template for looking at America's relations with Russia and China today.

[Martin Rohac · Rating 5 out of 5]

Refreshing view on the history of world in which major shifts are determined by geography.
Europe formed and united "thanks" to the invasions from the nomadic land powers of the central asia, which were inevitable because of the natural conditions. Pivotal area (heartland) as a basis for conquering the world island (euroasia).
Fascinating, inspirating, revolutionary in terms of looking at world affairs and power politics.

[Fearless Leader · Rating 5 out of 5]

Possibly the most impactful essay on geopolitics ever written even if its conclusions are not perfectly clairvoyant. However, accurately concluding that the geopolitical struggles of the near future would revolve around the heartland (Soviet Union), and its great naval opponent (United States) was quite prophetic (if not particularly original)

[William Jiang · Rating 5 out of 5]

A reborn Isaiah in the early twentieth century.

[Ethan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Extremely relevant article in regards to modern geopolitics despite it being written more than a hundred years ago

[Thomas · Rating 5 out of 5]

A major book to take a first step into geopolitics.

[Ebook Reader · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great book, the e-book version can be found at:
https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/the-...

[Erin Kelly · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very good and kind of romantic in a way. The author is a little hard to follow at times as he writes very eloquently.

[Simone Mauro · Rating 4 out of 5]

Un classico degli studi di geopolitica.
Leggere l'articolo di Mackinder è necessario per poter capire gli sviluppi successivi che ebbe la disciplina.
Fu il primo ad introdurre il concetto di "Heartland", inteso come spazio continentale interno, contrapposto alle potenze marittime.
Nonostante non condivida questa visione e anzi la ritenga fin troppo drastica, devo ammettere che comunque quest'opera mi ha dato la possibilità di riflettere su temi che non avevo ancora affrontato.
Per concludere, ho trovato molto interessante l'analisi storica delle invasioni provenienti dalle steppe, così come il continuo scontro che li ha opposti alle civiltà agricole circostanti (Europa, Cina, India).

[Mark Rednour · Rating 3 out of 5]

I wrote this review while being given a recreation break by my Russian overlords. Ever since they enslaved the entire human race, it's been hard to find time to read. It's too bad air travel is never going to pan out, so I could get away from here!

[Jackson Peplow · Rating 4 out of 5]

While perhaps dated and overly simplistic, this essay published in the early 20th century remains an illuminating view of the dynamics of world geopolitics and a useful model to inform US grand strategy against Eurasian powers

[S. · Rating 5 out of 5]

Found this e-book on Barnes & Noble instead:
https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-...
(The Amazon link went to a blank page with a dog picture.)

[Calm · Rating 3 out of 5]

Interesting. I'm new to geopolitics, and this has this was an interesting introduction.

[Jeff Greason · Rating 4 out of 5]

A short classic on the role of the open steppes of Asia as a source of free movement, the "pivot" of historical activity, and it's analog to the open ocean.

[Nolan · Rating 4 out of 5]

An early treatise on geopolitics that is maybe most useful for historiographical purposes, and as an insight to the underpinnings of Eurasian political history.

[Manuel · Rating 5 out of 5]

24 pages of pure prophetic history. Ahead of his time.

[Nemezida · Rating 3 out of 5]

I have seen The Geographical Pivot of History by Halford John Mackinder referenced very frequently in modern political science books.

Initially, it was a lecture presented by the author at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society in 1904. At that time, geopolitics as such didn’t exist, and with this report, Mackinder is now considered one of the founders of the science.

The point of the article is that Mackinder explained the historical moments of the conquests of the Huns, Magyars, and Mongols in Europe through the prism of their geographical routes from the heart of Asia. He thus developed the theory that the central parts of Asia without access to the seas (Heartland) are a constant threat and enemy for the countries of Europe, which are close to the ocean and in this sense act as a peninsula at the tip of the vast Eurasia. Maritime East Asia has an identical relationship to the central parts of the continent as Europe.

It’s clear that the author’s theory was in its infancy in this report, and Mackinder later developed it in subsequent works. The confrontation between Western Europe and the USSR in the 20th century also played a huge role in popularising this idea.

I acknowledge the historical significance of this book; its echo as a source we feel in many modern works. On the other hand, it’s an old-school work and doesn’t evoke any particular awe in the contemporary world.

Anyway, I’m glad I read this lecture. Now, I know first-hand what it means when political scientists refer to Mackinder’s Heartland.

[Mart · Rating 3 out of 5]

The Rome/Greece analogy he employs is a severe mistake and makes me question MacKinder's knowledge. Leaving that aside, i think some of his conclusions are interdasting