Good stuff for parents, thought-provoking and useful.
Notes below are truncated due to limits imposed by Goodreads.
# intro
Scared and immobilized chicken example
- 1 recovers quickly
- 2 stay longer - mutual influence
Get to their level
- eye to eye, or sit on the couch next to them
# ch1 alert, alarm, assessment, all-clear
Effects of anxiety
- misery
- missing out
Phases after calm
- alert: a trigger (even a perceived one) that can be a memory or an image, not necessarily a current threat
- alarm: anxious state
- thoughts
- physical manifestations
- assessment: thoughtful evaluation of danger and safety
- all-clear: signal that the alarm can be turned off
People with high anxiety
- tend to be on heightened alert all the time
- have a highly sensitive alarm
- need more time for the all-clear
- they see a scared second chicken no matter where they look
Children who constantly look for danger
- don't enjoy life very much
- limit their activities
- have extreme reactions to non-dangerous things
- are **Reluctant to accept an external all-clear signal, even from a trusted source**
Alerts
- are almost instantaneous
- ~0.002s [me: for the elephant to react]
When spending time with your kids
- keep your phone/nespaper down and watch them
- so they can see they're indeed under protection, rather than being left to their own devices.
- me: it is the perception of bring under protection that matters, no?
When the assessment system doesn't have full info
- look for clues in our bodily reactions
- if my breathing is calm and relaxed - all is well
- Relaxation exercises
- a nudge of your body towards a calm state
- become your own "second [calm] chicken"
- if the heart beats fast - this catalyzes the assessment system
- anxiety reinforces itself
**Scared and safe**
- my heart beats fast and my palms are sweaty; I am scares, but I am safe
Explain the terminology to a child
- alert, alarm, assessment, all-clear
- use these terms
- let them use the terms
- think aloud when you're in such states to show them how to use the vocabulary
Anxiety is useful
- society needs diverse people
- some risk takers, others risk averse
-
Sources of anxiety
- temperament
- trauma
- difficult life experiences
- anxious parents
- modern society
- news
- social media +expectation to be cool, pretty, slim, etc.
- heredity
- 10..20% people are born highly-reactive (study be Jerome Kegan, Harvard) to anything unfamiliar
- they take longer to adapt to new circumstances
- follow people from infancy to adulthood
- they were more risk averse
- but not all grew into anxious adults
- if parents armed them with coping skills -> ok
- otherwise, be protective and avoid issues -> anxious
- children need to be allowed to fail
- as long as the failure isn't dangerous
- this gives them experience and a chance to develop coping skills
- having something to say but being unable to express it
- unexpressed feelings or emotions do not disappear
Over-protective and cautious parents at the playground keep telling kids to be careful, reminding them of this often.
- this can override the child's own assessment system (they feel fine, but the parent keeps worrying anyway - why? Maybe I should be worried!)
**Ask them occasionally whether they feel safe**
- make them aware of this tool
- practice term use
- give them some training data to calibrate their sensitivity
Security duck game
- engage playfully with the child
- give the child a chance to take the role of the brave character
I can't watch game
- you: you can't walk there, it is dangerous, people sometimes fall over!
- the child starts walking
- you: oh no, I can't watch!
- the child proceeds to engage in activities that show the "scared" person there is no reason to be scared
The coast is clear! Or is it? Game
- hide dramatically behind some furniture or a blanket, pretend to be scared of something
- you then ask the kid if the coast is clear?
- kid: yes
- come out of hiding, but immediately discover something new that scares you (ex: a pencil)
- let the child convince you that all is well, that you're safe
- note: choose something obviously not scary as a source of fear, otherwise kids might get a real scare out of this one.
- they'll keep giving you an all-clear signal, hence get accustomed to using it
# ch2 the second chicken, parenting eith empathy, for confidence
Be the calm second chicken.
## Step 1 is empathy
- take their state seriously,
- don't: don't be scared! Don't be silly! Stop being such a baby! There's nothing to be afraid of! Nobody else is afraid!
- such reactions invalidate their feelings
- do: acknowledge. That was really scary! Everyone gets scared occasionally, adults too! You can sit in my lap as long as you like and join in when you're ready.
- ridicule is a dead end, while empathy is an invitation to look for solutions.
Kids won't open up about their deep issues if they are ridiculed when they bring up simple ones!
Common fears
- to be alone
- to be in the dark
## Step 2 project calm confidence
Deal with your own anxieties first.
Practice what you preach.
The 2nd chicken needs to do little - just be calm.
Trick: ask the child **can you look into my eyes and see if there is fear?**
- if there really isn't, they are more likely to calm themselves down
- it is different from just telling them not to be afraid
## notes
- anxious kids are oversensitive to others' anxiety and under-sensitive to others' calmness
- try non-verbal reassurance - hugs might work when words fail.
- "I am safe even when I am away from you" (if the child is worried about you, e.g., that you might die)
- reassure **without dismissal**. Validate first, then reassure!
- 15 sec rule: **if reassurance doesn't work within 15s, stop and try something else**.
- when you notice bravery in the - point it out. (vs just saying "be brave" in difficult situations)
- guiding questions, ex: if a child complains about being teased:
- what did you try?
- how did it work?
- what would you like to try next?
- avoid rewards (see Alfie Kohn's books)
# ch3 relaxation and rough-housing
- Slow breathing changes the experience of a scarry thought.
- fearometer - numeric scale, or emoticons (if the child doesn't understand scales yet)
- SUDS: subjective units of distress scale
- ask them to rate their current level of distress on the scale
- even if the number is high, the **act of searching for it, introspection -> is enough to reset the security system**
- it helps even more of the kid names or describes their feeling
- it is hard to remain anxious when the brain is engaged in rational or creative thought. (unless you have math or art anxiety)
- "I just noticed that my number is around 5, what's yours?" -> start a conversation.
- kid: "I'm at x" you: "wow, that's a lot! I wonder what it would take to bring it down to x-delta?"
Relaxation
- the suds is a way to measure if you're technique works
- if it doesn't - change it
- also, different scale levels are managed with different techniques
- area 8..10: crisis, panic and extreme anxiety
- immediate relief is required
- talk less, words can even interfere
- hug, rocking, massage, humming
- shake on purpose, encourage them to scream
- prepare a paper "I'm having a panic attack, it is not lethal, it will past" and keep it in the pocket -> the words on your paper remind you that your life is not in danger
- area 3..8: mild
- self-soothing, grounding
- count down from their current number down to 1, then ask them about their new current number. Might take a few iterations to lower it.
- slow rhythmic activities, like pouring water or sand between containers can be relaxing
- vigorous rhythmic activities that present a challenge might work (e. g., weird yoga pose)
- OBOM: one breath, one movement.
- area <3: Deep relaxation and tension release
- getting to -3: even more relaxed than that!
- various techniques, ex: deep breathing
- butterfly hug
- body language freeze vs flight-> encourage them with a soothing voice to breathe slowly, 'start counting'
- burrito technique: wrap them into a blanket then put different ingredients on top
Ipma: instant pessimistic mental assessment - > when something is rejected right away, without even trying it.
# ch4 the edge
The drop game (eye drops the child was afraid of)
- I'll walk towards you and you tell me where to stop
- approach, let them control the approach with multiple iterations
- then try a drop on the nose/forehead/cheek...
- then try it in the eye
-
Fear of heights and approaching the edge of a canyon
- we will not go one step beyond what you feel comfortable with
- get closer gradually
To overcome a fear, you need to spend more time at the edge
Flooding
- kids flooded with emotions are overwhelmed and have little access to logic
- they can get aggressive if pushed towards the danger
- they fixate on the danger
- reject soothing statements
- and eventually can reject attempts to love and connect [during this session]
- **learning doesn't work in this phase** - kids can get through the experience and still not learn that it is safe
- children who are already over the edge _need to be pulled back to safety before progress can be made_
Avoidance
- avoid avoidance :-)
- avoidance of the _feeling of danger_, not the danger itself
- avoidance creates detours in our lives
- if it works well - you may not even be conscious of it!
- avoidance can't last forever, it will break down eventually and get you into the flooding state.
White-knuckling
- when you grab something and hold it strongly, the knuckles get white
- it works if you need to get over something unpleasant once, but doesn't work in the long run for daily experiences
- during white-knuckling you cannot experience something properly (ex: nice views of a sunset while on a roller-coaster - you won't see it, you won't get to savor it).
-
Exposure without white-knuckling
- this is needed to overcome the issue
- spend time at the edge of your comfort zone and slowly walk out of it when you get accustomed to bring on the edge
- how:
- **stop rewarding avoidance**
- **stop pushing them into a flooded or white-knuckle state**
- examples
- "you don't have to if you're scared" - > supports avoidance
- forcing kids to do something they are afraid of - > pushes them into flooding
- "just do it" - > supports white-knuckling
- "don't be a baby" -> cruel form of humiliating someone who is flooded
From wild to mild
- People with PTSD swing wildly from flooding to avoidance
- solution: reduce swing amplitude
How to support properly
- realize that Supporting avoidance abandons the child to their fear and anxiety!
- stay with them while you push, to prevent flooding
- keep pushing gently
- hold their hand, stand side by side with them
- if you walk towards something scarry, pause frequently to cool down
- "we're going to go in, but I'll hold you for as long as you want until you are ready"
- "I can feel you're trembling, I know it is scary, I'll hold you for as long as you like, and then we can go together"
- dealing with separation
- sneak out so they don't notice -> avoidance + can turn into flooding when the child realizes the parent is gone
- preparation through relaxation + restful sleep
Games
- Stop and go
- some rules: can't say "stop stop stop" all the time; after a while I say "go" if you don't
- string
- "you know how you get worried when I leave? Let's find out how far apart we have to be before it is too much?"
- start with a few centimeters and keep going through iterations
- keep the string under tension, so the kid can tug and feel your presence
- might also work with throwing a ball to each other
- secret mission (for older kids)
- send them on a special mission to retrieve something, start with short distances and gradually expand the horizon
- Imagine-edge - > think it, feel it, do it.
- like stop and go, but only imaginary
- imagine something that scares them, live through this imaginary experience.
- after a few iterations, they are more prepared to face the real thing
- do it when everyone is relaxed, not in the middle of a crisis :-)
- use the SUDS as a metric and ask them to quantity at each iteration
Talking is a good way to deal with anxiety.
# ch5 expressing and suppressing emotions
Guiding questions
- what are you sensing in your body?
- what sparked that feeling?
- what thoughts do you have about that feeling?
- what do you want to do next?
- what do you think will happen if you do that?
These questions help children integrate their feelings with their thinking. Do this instead of **jumping to "name the feeling" /"use your words" right away**.
Flame model (easy for kids to understand)
- every emotion begins with a spark
- it then grows into a flame
- if you already have a bad day, that will fuel the fire, and the same spark will make an even bigger flame
- note: anxious kids often avoid dealing with their feelings, like avoiding a flame that is too hot to handle.
- you can tame the flames, ex: with water (me: consider that not all fires should be extinguished with water, there are safety implications)
- anything that can cool down the flame: count to 10, breathe deeply, think about something comforting, a hug
Emotionally loaded memories can also fuel the flame.
Empathy is a good way to tone down emotions
- "you are really upset that she bumped into you"
- understanding and validation are the best path to soothing and comfort
The problem with "should" applied to emotions
- example: a child is trembling while watching a film
- you ask: are you scared?
- the child answers "no, it's only a movie"
- what they could mean is "I should not be scared because it is only a movie [but I am]" (me: or at least their "elephant" is scared)
- this can lead to shame or guilt about feelings they're not supposed to be having, yet which are 100% valid!
Getting cooked vs burning up
- a flame can burn you up from the inside
- you can also use it to cook something, if you find a way to use it constructively
-
Rumi vs rumination: nice poem about emotions as different guests in a house, they come and go.
Yawnathon game
- fake laugh
- fake surprise gasp
- fake x, etc.
-
# ch6 what if vs what is
"Worry well, and worry once "
Worry can be useful, as long as you stop when you find a solution, or when you realize you won't find a solution by worrying harder. (me: is worrying ever a solution?)
Anxious whatifs
- are repetitive and straining
- don't lead to creative solutions.
- they're alarm signals that cannot be stopped
- they can lead to magical thinking
Magical thinking
- after 7 more comes from around the corner, the next one will be mom's
- if I touch the lamp 3 times before I go to bed, I'll be safe
- they're an attempt to control the future or change the past
Anxious thinking can lead to certainty about uncertain things
- if I go to the party, nobody will talk to me
- everyone will stare at me, etc
- I know that dinosaurs don't exist anymore, but what if they come back and enter our house?
Anxious thoughts
- trigger anxiety
- you're on high alert, every sound is perceived as a burglar in the house
- they lead to magical thinking - if I check the window twice I'll be safe
The solution to these thoughts is to challenge them
- recognize their irrationality
- talk back to them
- live firmly in the here and now
- invite kids to develop their own challenges, instead of imposing yours
- immer-driven challenges are more effective
- empathize before challenging, acknowledge the thought or the state
Don't try to win an argument against an anxious thought
- you'll lose even if you're right
- the anxious thought is fiercely defended by the anxious mind
Questions are a good tool (me: reminds me of the Socratic method)
- is there another possible explanation of why daddy is late, besides that something bad happened?
- what did you do yesterday, when you weren't worried about dad's delay?
Wonder is another tool
- I wonder what allowed these anxious though to sneak into your mind today..
What's better for the second chicken to say?
- **I'm not worried (set example) - >good**
- there is no reason to worry (deny state perceived by anxious person) - >bad
- you can't win an argument with an anxious mind by using logic (see above)
Tools
- playfully challenge
- switch from what-if to what-is
-
**Fortunately / unfortunately** game
- begin with a positive statement: fortunately it was a good day
- other player goes negative: unfortunately it started to rain
- continue alternating until the story ends dramatically :-)
- this reduces the tension by showing that there's a way to get to a positive state
**What if doesn't**? Game
- what if there's something under the bed?
- what if there isn't?
- what if a shark attacks you on the way home?
- what if it doesn't?
**Spy-vs-spy** game
- pretend anxiety is a sneaky enemy, and you have to be even sneakier
- my anxiety makes me really worried about football games, but I enjoy football! So I decided to outfox it and told it they I was going to a baseball game - so it could stay home and rest.