Do members of your family read? How about your friends? Have you ever suddenly felt in a small group, that you are the only one there who reads? Many on Goodreads might recognise this scenario, and I know that for some this is their normal life. They are the only one in their social group, family, or among their work acquaintances, who reads in their leisure time. Yet nowadays, when it is so much easier to access a huge variety of reading material whatever the circumstances, why should that be?
George Orwell too wondered this, and in 1946 he set out to discover the possible reason why. He tells how one evening in 1944, a friend of his who was a newspaper editor, was fire-watching with some factory workers. His friend asked the workers how they liked his newspaper. Most said they liked it, but that the literary section did not interest them, as it dealt with books which cost a lot of money.
It seemed to be the accepted idea that reading was a luxury for rich people, and the less well-off could not afford it. However, George Orwell’s friend commented that these men would think nothing of spending several pounds going to the seaside on a day trip. So George Orwell decided to examine how much reading actually cost him personally. In this essay, he presents an account of his own inventory of books and their total cost. Breaking the collection down into categories, and including other related expenses such as library subscriptions and newspapers, George Orwell calculated as accurately as he could, his best estimate of how much reading had cost him over the last fifteen years.
The total figure Orwell arrived at was £25 a year. (This is equivalent to around £1,181 today). He says it might sound a large sum but compared with other expenses it isn’t much:
“With prices as they now are, I am spending far more on tobacco than I do on books.”
For instance the money that he now spent on reading matter could only buy someone 83 cigarettes a week. He then calculates his expenditure on alcohol and cigarettes over the year, and makes it around £40 (about £1,890 today), and works out in detail that the national average spending on alcohol and cigarette is about the same. George Orwell reminds us that a few years earlier, before the war, people could buy 200 cigarettes for the same price, but:
“all prices are now inflated, including the price of books: still, it looks as though the cost of reading, even if you buy books instead of borrowing them and take in a fairly large number of periodicals, does not amount to more than the combined cost of smoking and drinking.”
I neither smoke nor drink, but found George Orwell’s choice of comparison significant. He quite deliberately selected what most factory workers would choose to spend their money on, to avoid the irrelevance of social class to reading as a pursuit. Thus he chose working class leisure choices such as beer and cigarettes, rather than middle class fine wines and chocolates. Still though, the idea of reading being more expensive than other hobbies did not hold up.
This idea still seems to prevail. People still say they cannot afford to buy books. Another reason often given for not reading is that they “haven’t the time”. This seems even more extraordinary, when we consider how many more labour-saving gadgets we have in the home than in 1946, the sharp rise of car ownership and better transport systems, plus the instant availability of a huge range of products. We need to spend far less time on the mechanics of daily life, no longer even walking to where we need to go. However there are far more leisure pursuits as well, and they beckon people.
Nevertheless, basic reading skills are needed for many of these leisure pursuits such as most sorts of social media, or anything on a computer. We need to read to read rules, or instructions on how to construct something, and daily life in general. But books and even magazines seem to pose some sort of “duty” issue. Otherwise, people would not feel they have to give “excuses” such as cost, or time. They would simply say “I don’t want to”. But have you ever heard anyone say that?
The truth of it is, as I see it, that people who do not read for their own pleasure hold two separate ideas in their minds:
1. I think I should read.
2. I don’t want to read.
Allied to this, we have more reading matter available than ever before. The first point does not help anyone; in fact it is more likely to reinforce the second one, as nobody likes to feel they “ought” to, or are being expected to do something.
George Orwell may not have our modern lives, but he makes an excellent case for reading, which is still relevant even now. I am constantly surprised by the variety of groups of people who choose not to read. For instance 3 or 4 years ago I broke my leg, “spectacularly” as the paramedics said. It was the femur (thigh bone) and I was upstairs in a very small room, full of books. To get me downstairs on a stretcher, navigating sharp corners was challenging, and they had to call out an extra pair of paramedics. In the meantime the ones waiting gazed at all my bookshelves. (Admittedly they are full to overflowing but no, I didn’t trip over a book; I actually tripped over a coat hanger.) Apparently stunned, one asked: “Have you read all these?”
I can see you now, sagely nodding. You’ve probably had it said to you; this is the sort of question a non-reader might ask. But these were highly skilled professionals, with several year of study and training under their belts. How could they not be readers? I cannot understand this.
Of course there are going to be times or stages of our lives when it is difficult to snatch a moment for ourselves; when we have no time whatsoever for leisure. But we do not live in the 19th century, working from 4am to 10pm, and even the most time-challenged person will find that one day, one year, things will ease up. Yet how many then will reach for a book?
George Orwell moves on to to consider the many benefits of reading. His final three paragraphs begin:
“It is difficult to establish any relationship between the price of books and the value one gets out of them.”
Sometimes the cost can be far cheaper in the end than you had expected. For example, a dictionary you bought for “just sixpence” might be useful for no less than 20 years and you can consult it any time you like. A reference book, or a book of poetry might have a similar cost ratio. If you like buying books new, you can keep them after reading them and then sell them on at one third their original price (we could use e-bay). If you buy them second hand the cost is far cheaper, or if you borrow them from a library, then it costs you next to nothing.
The type of book feeds into this cost factor too. Perhaps our “reluctant readers” might go shifty-eyed at this point. Is there a difference in what we “ought” to read. Again, we are opening a can of worms. Parents sometimes castigate their children for reading books that are too easy, or formulaic, or disparage their teenagers for reading “trash”. Other, non-reading parents may be equally dismissive of academic, or more serious literary books, feeling that they are a “waste of time” and not relevant to the here and now.
There are an infinite variety of books:
“There are books that one reads over and over again, books that become part of the furniture of one’s mind and alter one’s whole attitude to life, books that one dips into but never reads through, books that one reads at a single sitting and forgets a week later: and the cost, in terms of money, may be the same in each case.”
George Orwell decides to make his comparison by restricting the choice to popular novels, and works out that if you spend about four hours reading a light novel, this is:
“about what it costs to sit in one of the more expensive seats in the cinema. If you concentrated on more serious books, and still bought everything that you read, your expenses would be about the same. The books would cost more but they would take longer to read. In either case you would still possess the books after you had read them.”
With our plethora of alternative entertainments, we can do our own comparisons with the latest gadgets. I cannot make the detailed comparisons George Orwell does for his own time, as I personally have very few leisure gadgets, and can only access the internet on a laptop. However, it is clear how expensive they all are, and how they have to be updated or replaced frighteningly often. He concludes:
“I have said enough to show that reading is one of the cheaper recreations: after listening to the radio probably THE cheapest.”
We can add in the television to this, but there are financial drawbacks such as built-in obsolescence to the other latest technological marvels.
George Orwell’s essay Book v. Cigarettes was first published in the “Tribune” newspaper, on 8th February 1946. He had no satisfactory explanation for why people were not reading, and estimated from the publishing and sales figures that he knew, that the average person was only buying about three books a year, in various ways. This, he said:
“is not a proud record for a country which is nearly 100 per cent literate and where the ordinary man spends more on cigarettes than an Indian peasant has for his whole livelihood. And if our book consumption remains as low as it has been, at least let us admit that it is because reading is a less exciting pastime than going to the dogs, the pictures or the pub, and not because books, whether bought or borrowed, are too expensive.”
I wonder if this is still true. Books now, compared with 1946, are beautifully produced, and a pleasure to hold in your hands. Factual books may have illustrations which can make you gasp. We have access to millions of e-books as well. Reading is a solitary activity of course, and people need the human companionship that going to some sort of sports club, or meeting, or eating out provides. But even allowing for this, activities using technology seem to have taken over.
When Book v. Cigarettes was published, doctors were encouraging people to smoke. Incredibly enough, from 1930 to 1950s, the health benefits of cigarettes were stressed. They even used to be advertised by doctors. It was only in the mid-1960s that it was reported that smoking causes lung cancer, laryngeal cancer and chronic bronchitis. Cigarettes are therefore no longer as popular as they once were, and more often frowned on socially. But we can think of many other comparisons, of what our friends and family might spend their leisure time and money on, and for many of us, books sadly still seem to come off worst.
This is a straightforward, witty essay, but George Orwell’s analysis is also a thought-provoking dilemma. Many people still seem hesitant about reading, over 75 years later. But for some it is a passion, giving many hour of enjoyment every week, entertaining us, expanding our horizons and enlarging our world view. I find it very sad that for so many, they cannot seem to get past the idea that reading is something they “ought” to do, rather than such a pleasure.