Daughters of Durga: Dowries, Gender Violence and Family in Australia

by Manjula Datta O'Connor

An incisive investigation of domestic violence in South Asian communities, and the resilience of women in the face of adversity.

In the early 2010s a spate of domestic violence-related murders in the Victorian Indian community compelled psychiatrist Manjula Datta O’Connor to investigate the causes of patriarchal abuse in South Asian families. As a practitioner with many decades experience in the field, Datta O’Connor questioned whether a better understanding of history and culture could help these communities implement measures to prevent family violence.

But the most powerful lessons came from those she met through her practice - survivors of transnational abuse and of sexual and dowry exploitation. These women taught Datta O’Connor about human resilience and strength and the myriad ways women find the inner power to survive. These are the daughters of the goddess Durga, wielding the tools of history to produce meaningful change.

Genres: Nonfiction

336 pages, Kindle Edition

Published June 13, 2022

Reviews

[Ali · Rating 4 out of 5]

Dr O'Connor's deep experience is on show here: in treating members of the South Asian community and in her sustained activism for a more culturally informed understanding of domestic violence. I was thoroughly engrossed in this book, which provided rich detail. O'Connor is forensic and unflinching in looking at the effects of patriarchal structures but also contextualises this in the colonial manipulations of the British in India historically and covers the - often baffling to outsiders - decisions of Indian parents with compassion. For the dilemmas they face. O'Connor's target here is not cultural practices but a system which bestows economic power on men and the reverse on women.

[ari · Rating 3 out of 5]

3.5/5

frustrating read particularly near the end. psych non-fiction is decidedly not for me. however, really extensive recount of the origins of dowry abuse, linked with how it has arisen from a patriarchal society and continues to fuel gender abuse. great and compact chronicle of what is a subject with extremellllyyy complex origins, deeply impressive how the author, particularly in the first half is able to draw connections between historic social hierarchies that plague India and connect it with how it translates to dowry abuse issues in Australia. she tackles colonisation, caste (drawing particular emphasis on the prolonged debilitating effect of the british standardising the manusmrti laws), emphasis on social perception, wealth, gender expectations and more. all the props should be given to Manjula Datta O'Connor for clearly being a pioneer for dowry abuse victims in aus. incredibly impressively, the author elucidates clearly how the unconscious bias of preferencing NRI grooms based on assumed moral, wealth and educational superiority fails victims and their families. she ties this in with the aus gov as enhancing this power dynamic through its preference of the groom over the bride, by its system of sponsorship which exacerbates inequalities already created by economics and foreign policies leading to deceit and neglect. in some of the best parts of the book, Dr. O'Connor explicitly critiques australia's immigration system as being implicit in "propping up the perpetrators and failing the victims. It does not support victims of domestic violence who have temporary work visas or student visas...". the author also paints a fucking devastating picture of the extensive consequence of dowry abuse, as not only crippling the individual's physical and mental state but the whole family's financial as well. a great discussion of "indian identity" is thoroughly articulated with Dr. O'Connor noting "the social identity process is more influential in Indian society because it is a collectivist society...but it causes more social conflict. All people who belong to the 'out-group' are seen as inferior and therefore as deserving fewer resources, less social contact, and so on.".

overall, i liked this a lot! incredibly informative into how dowry abuse is enabled, how the murky definition of what constitutes as dowry contributes to this, how mothers (in-laws included) perpetuate the same oppression they face in a grapple for power - the psychological effects it plagues for victims. There are plenty of harrowing stats that reinforce just how prevalent this issue is, and manjula weaves in personal anecdotes and those of her interviewees to build a clear narrative of the lack of systemic and community support victims are granted. seeing O'Connor point out incredibly astutely a lack of sexual education in enforcing gender violence was also interesting. i will say i found a good part of this a little basic/simple for where i'm at, found myself going "well yes i know this" but that's not the book's fault necessarily.

however, while O'Connor outlines in the introduction that this book is "about the lives of migrant victim-survivors of domestic abuse as they presented to my clinical psychiatric practice. It does not purport to be a comprehensive treatise on the role of caste and gender in domestic violence as it is found in India; rather it investigates some parts of the women's heritage (which I share), and its role in their problem, and solutions." this book suffers SOOOOO much from this being a terrrribly edited non-fic book. repetitive beyond belief, there are stats repeated several times, systemic influences brought up in the first chapter, don't get referenced in chapters in which is seems relevant and MOST frustratingly, for a book that focuses on dowry abuse (which is born out of a desire for wealth and exploitation of patriarchy, gender roles etc.) SUCH an irritating lack of addressing of any actual material/financial institutions that permeate the journey of dowry abuse victims towards attaining autonomy separate from their abusers. again- these r all things that i have been told r extremely inherent to psych lit but as this is decidedly marketed as a non-fic BOOK, and not just a published dissertation, to have no context or even acknowledgement of why MONEY, financial resources, and financial accessibility are not being talked about, even in a footnote, is insane work. for all of the author's repeated emphasis on therapy as resolving her client's issues, she does absolutely nothing to talk about the majority of women who face dowry abuse not being able to access said services. most of the anecdote end with "After therapy, client x was able to move past his/her trauma, and got a job". buddy, for most brown immigrants, one of the biggest issues is them being UNABLE TO GET A JOB because of their visa status. inability to gain financial capital or an independent income enables continued abuse. this becomes genuinely laughable at points when the acknowledgement of employment being important is fundamentally misinformed with O'Connor asserting "..my experience & evidence from influential Indian business and professional people, is that the Australian and Victorian State governments are providing employment opportunities to under-employed or unemployed new migrants. It creates a level playing field. The American experience with Indian migrants reveals a sizeable minority of a highly successful group of people, creating a more level playing field". unfortunately this reminded me a little too much of the boomer immigrant mentality in which people go well THERE R INDIAN CEO'S WOW SUCCESS OF A NATION, completely ignoring the poverty and discrimination esp. in australia that the majority of the lower and middle class suffer from. i fear this does not help the long-standing belief i have in therapy being the equivalent of a bandaid over a bullet hole, especially for POC women.

domestic violence, femicide are such rising issues in australia, with a complete failure of the aus gov and the police to provide adequate help for victims. i by no means have a comprehensive understanding of the domestic violence issue in aus, but i do know that over and over the police ignore victims's pleas for help leading to excessive violence. i would imagine for indian immigrants, most who have english as their second language, varying visas, and face systemic racism- their issues would be taken less seriously. to not talk about aus police as a contributing factor to domestic violence victims not getting justice again- even as a mention because i do understand that this book is not comprehensive and has a narrow scope, is still strange to me.

dot points here to summarise issues:
- this is so aptly a thesis/dissertation that was converted BADLY to a non-fic
- had a long chat with my bsf who recently completed her psych honours degree and a lot of the problems i have with this r inherent to psych literature
-sweeping generalisations without any definitions of frame/terminology. i don't mean this for social theories (i feel those were incredibly easy to understand and they work well obvs) but for example, stating "Eastern/western style parenting" there are generalisations made about what constitutes as to what, which while i understand seems to be pretty common to psychology (psych lit has profoundly pro-western and european framings)
- barest mention of rampant racism in australia
- SOOOO repetitive in terms of the arguments it creates and info
- i appreciated a couple of O'Connor's personal anecdotes but often it felt like it didn't contribute much to the narratives. having the anecdotes from the interviewees over and over again that repeated the same info often felt clunkily structured.
- more but like cbb

[Cass Moriarty · Rating 5 out of 5]

Clinical psychiatrist Dr Manjula Datta O’Connor’s non-fiction book Daughters of Durja: Dowries, Gender Violence and Family in Australia (Melbourne University Press 2022) opens with the sobering statistic of a cluster of seven suicides in one small Indian/Australian community in Melbourne; that more than half of these women had contacted police about domestic violence; six of the seven had no driving license; and most were unemployed and isolated. Australian Indian women were shocked. While one woman a week is killed in Australia by their current or former intimate partner, these killings seemed to be prompted by cultural differences and silence around mental health and family violence.

Dr O’Connor’s interest in this issue is personal, historical, cultural and professional. She specialises in treating Indian women (and men) suffering or perpetrating abuse and much of this fascinating book details clinical case studies of patients that she has treated over many years. She is of Indian background herself and throughout this in-depth examination of abuse and trauma, she inserts snippets of her own life experience that both confirm or deny the stereotypes or commonalities that she sees as a doctor. It’s a most interesting premise, as she is able to give a balanced and nuanced depiction of both problems and solutions.

Throughout, she asks the question as to whether modernisation and better educated women have challenged traditional societal gender roles or only perpetuated modesty and submission. Referring to the Goddess Durga of the title, and her brave claim to power, versus Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, she provides a knowledgeable history of thousands of years of Indian cultural norms regarding gender roles, equality and expectations. She quotes the ‘suffering of Indian women from cradle to grave, living as a burden to their families from conception to widowhood’. She explores the patriarchal bargain, life without a child (or worse, without a son) and her work with victim-survivors in Australia, through issues such as transnational abuse, dowry exploitation, economic exploitation, domestic servitude and sexual exploitation.

Globalisation and migration have led to pressure for many young Indian women to move to Australia and often their mothers follow, to support their daughters, only to also be caught up in extreme distress, insomnia, clinical depression and anxiety. Dr O’Connor’s situation was different to most – she grew up without expectation of caste, or barriers to a suitable marriage partner. In Australia in the 1970’s, she had relative freedom. But the continuing situation in India disturbed her: harassment, assault, rape, and pressure on women to protect their honour rather than on men to change. She interweaves this with data about colonialism and racism in Australia, influential women, the study of Western versus Eastern cultures, and the challenges of gender roles, greater freedoms, loss of family and a new language combined with family violence and mental health issues.

Her own study combined Western medicine, psychiatry and treatment such as cognitive behavioural therapy with Eastern influences such as yoga and meditation, with a result that this book attempts to harness the strengths of ancient knowledge combined with a science-based culture. Dr O’Connor is determined to provide advocacy and support, to enhance heterosexual relationships, to increase equality and the value of daughters. She states: ‘the synthesis of my education, cross-cultural experiences, research, deep clinical observations and community-based work’ inform her writing.

She writes of those traumatised, anxious, suicidal, deported or killed, but describes these women as not passive but victims of abuse who have strengths and use them (generally) to survive unspeakable family violence, demonstrating human resilience and an inner power to survive.

Delving deep into her own historical family stories, she determines how she gained the values she now has, and compares these with Indian history in general. She examines the purdah (veiling), the history of fighting for female rights, the prominent activists, dowry abuse, dowry murders, sex selection abortions and rape. She discusses labial surgery, anorexia and an obsession with the appearance of teeth, breasts, bottoms and light skin. She writes of the cost of ‘benevolent patriarchs’ to individuals, families and society; masculinity; the fine line between benevolent control and coercive control, and asks whether modernity and traditionalism can ever co-exist?

The book covers the perpetrator’s abuse of power, and that a fear of judgment enforces entrapment in marriage; structural violence; arranged marriages. Entire sections are devoted to the topics of dowry and caste, both of which cause huge problems. I gained a detailed understanding of the dowry system, including the six separate celebrations for marriage (all elaborate and expensive!), the history of the dowry, that a marriage is a marriage of two families, and that a lack of equal inheritance laws and gender inequality lead to female feticide. Dowry abuse, which is supposed to be based on honesty and trust, is basically a form of stealing.

Coercive control is discussed at length and she includes many case studies of pressure by families. Education can be a two-edged sword. Multiple layers of disadvantage make women vulnerable, with severed connections and networks. A daughter is always only a guest in her father’s house, until she marries and becomes a guest in her husband’s house. Questions are often the impetus for violence if a man’s authority and control are challenged.

The discardable or disempowered bride is explained – abandonment is seen as worse than a breach of trust or domestic violence and so often women try to keep their marriage and family together, putting up with abuse, demands, and even rape, rather than cope with marital breakdown or the stigma of divorce. This is a particular problem with non-resident Indian men (NRI). But O’Connor believes that education and awareness are key to dismantling this system of oppression.

O’Connor states: ‘societal fear paralyses social change’, and she discusses crucial red flags and unhelpful language. Economic or financial abuse equals domestic violence which equals an abuse of power or control. The tools used to maintain control, power and dominance are threats, intimidation, violence, financial control and criticisms. Women are seen as not important or valuable and not intelligent, and gender norms and poor modelling lead to elder abuse and honour killings. These killings may be prompted by an affair, sexual activity when unmarried, homosexual attitudes, rejection of an arranged marriage or fleeing a violent marriage.

In discussion of the caste system, O’Connor stresses the clear understanding of identity and the empowerment of women as essential to counter mental illness and emotional trauma. She also touches on abuse via technology, such as being stalked through social media, phone, internet, spyware or cameras in the house; cybercrime such as the distribution of nude pictures; and slavery. She identifies the importance of therapy to counter trauma, psychological abuse, stalking and identity destruction, and encourages women to be free, empowered, and to have agency and choices, to be believed and validated. Narrative therapy (very similar to a victim impact statement) allows the victim-survivor to be heard, believed, respected and validated, and assured that they are not imagining their trauma.

In a section on migration, family and suicide, O’Connor discusses the impact of high expectations on men (husbands, fathers, sons) and different parenting styles. She says the key to equality is education, stating ‘the human brain has remarkable capacity to regenerate, reorganise pathways, create new connections – a concept called neuroplasticity’. She believes in the power of dignity in allowing women to find their voices. She explores the problem of conscious and unconscious bias and ‘othering’, but says ‘culture is not fixed; it changes in response to changing social circumstances’ – a sign of hope. In her experience over the years, she says that most women victim-survivors want to return to their marriages but only if this comes with respect, compassion and no abuse. ‘Education is a liberating force. Let us allow it to flourish.’

A whole chapter is devoted to the burden of men in modern society; she uses the terms ‘Man Box’ or ‘Man Prison’, arguing that the expectations on men to be ‘real men’, to exhibit strength and masculinity causes even more problems. Stalking is role modelled through masculine representation in pornography and Bollywood films.

Dr O’Connor concludes by discussing legislative and behavioural changes that would have a significant impact on levels of violence, coercion threats, sex-selection abortions and the idea of women as property. She declares that Indian women are resilient, intelligent and capable, and that there is help available, but that ‘cultural and social norms that support violence need to change’. The final section is her innovative modern reimagining of the harmful verses of the ancient text Manusmriti, a wish for Indian women to have freedom from misogyny and inequality, an extensive and helpful bibliography and notes section for further reading.

[Rashmi · Rating 2 out of 5]

Two stars is for approaching this subject, especially girls who are married to NRI men in an arranged marriage which end badly. Dowry is such a bad custom which has never gone away. It's so covered up with term like gifts and a good wedding!!!
Modern Indian families encourage love marriage.,, a step in the right direction.

First of all not all marriages end that way. I have lived out of India for almost 40 years and have seen maybe one such case. However, to have a balanced view there are quite a few cases where girls marry for citizenship/permanent residentship. Once that is achieved, next comes divorce and the boyfriend from India arrives. What I am trying to say is that stuff is happening on both sides. Among the desi community the general consensus is it's best for kids to find partners in the place where we live.
The writing of the book is very repetitive and one that doesn't hold your attention.
Reads more like a dissertation.

[Rosemary · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting examination of the family, marriage, tradition and the modern treatment of women in India and the diaspora especially as it applies to Australia. The author's practice as a psychiatrist gives her first hand insight into the difficulties women have within the system and how hard it is for men to change also. She traces India's ancient religious writings as she tries to help our understanding of today's world.

[Sophie · Rating 4 out of 5]

A work read that was insightful and interesting regarding dowry and dowry abuse. The focus is mostly on prevention and cultural change, and I would be keen to know more about the challenges South Asian women face when help seeking, and what the road to recovery can look like. If I was the editor I would have some suggested changes, including to the structure.

[Rania T · Rating 5 out of 5]

The author explores the dangerous pitfalls of dowry and patriarchy and how vulnerable people are held at ransom because of this archaic practice. Turkish academic Deniz Kandiyoti's seminal work on 'patriarchal bargaining' underpins a lot of the analysis of what can happen to women when gender equality is skewed.

[Kelsey Attwood · Rating 4 out of 5]

Such a thought provoking book. Manjula has an amazing way of sharing these stories.

I read this book for work purposes but ended up loving the stories while also being devastated with some of the statistics and reality for these communities

[Georgia H · Rating 5 out of 5]

I appreciated this book for what it was. I originally thought it was a memoir rather than a scientific study. I have learnt a lot

[Dhara Muliya · Rating 2 out of 5]

I think the author is not Hindu. As if she chose to take reference from the oldest civilisation and tried to smudge Hinduism as patriarchal society.

I feel the author has an agenda to smudge the Indian mythology by not talking about latent mythologies like the Bible, the Quran, or the Guru Granth Sahib.

I wonder if those modern books have any mention of the women or they completely ignored women roles in society other than producing kids?