You should stop what you’re doing, right now, and take up this book. You should put down the book you’ve been reading – that one that you’ve been meaning to finish for a while now – and begin reading this book. You should immerse yourself in this novel, commit yourself to it, until you finish it. Thomas Wolfe’s You Can’t Go Home Again is that important. It is one of the greatest novels of the 20th century.
There is a decided pathos in knowing that Wolfe did not live to see the publication of You Can’t Go Home Again. The great North Carolina author was just 37 years old when he died, much too young, in 1938, leaving vast sheafs of unfinished manuscript behind him. You Can’t Go Home Again was assembled by editors from those pages and pages of manuscript, but one wouldn’t know it from reading the novel. This book seems every bit as organically complete in its craftsmanship as earlier Wolfe novels like Look Homeward, Angel (1929) and Of Time and the River (1935).
Everyone who has ever read anything by Thomas Wolfe knows that Wolfe’s work is highly, profoundly autobiographical. Wolfe’s own life experiences always formed the basis of his literary art; and You Can’t Go Home Again is no exception in that regard. Here, Wolfe’s stand-in is not the Eugene Gant of earlier novels, but rather George Webber, a novelist who has achieved his dreams of literary success and must live with the consequences, good and bad.
Wolfe’s many and devoted fans know the story of the dramatic social firestorm that unfolded in his hometown of Asheville, North Carolina, when Look Homeward, Angel was published. The real-life people on whom Wolfe had based his characters saw themselves in the novel, and did not like the way in which Wolfe had portrayed them. You Can’t Go Home Again recreates those aspects of Wolfe’s life, as George Webber returns to his hometown of Libya Hill for a family funeral. On the train to Libya Hill, the misanthropic Judge Rumford Bland asks George, “Do you think you can really go home again?” (p. 69); and, George’s denials notwithstanding, the question haunts him.
The publication of Webber’s debut novel Home to Our Mountains, with its realistic and unflattering portrayals of Libya Hill residents, causes a stir of just the kind that the real-life Look Homeward, Angel occasioned in Asheville in 1929. George gets anonymous letters like one that claims that “the crime that you have done is worse than Cain”, or another stating that “We’ll kill you if you ever come back here” (p. 261).
And when one of George’s best friends from Libya Hill, a part-Cherokee baseball player named Nebraska Crane, tells George that he can’t wait to read George’s book, because he’s heard that there’s a baseball player just like him in the book – “Said I’m in there so’s anyone would know me!” (p. 264) – George is saddened. He knows that he will never see his friend Nebraska Crane again – and that, if they ever do meet again, it will be as enemies, not friends. Literary success, it seems, has its price, and George truly cannot go home again to Libya Hill.
It is because of passages like these that I find You Can’t Go Home Again to be one of the most important American novels ever written – because of the ways in which it engages and interrogates the American Dream. We are all used to the mythologizing of the American ideology of achieving success through hard work, as in the novels of Horatio Alger; but like F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby (1925), Wolfe asks the reader to contemplate the consequences of that success that we Americans are taught to lionize above all things else.
For modern readers, the portion of You Can’t Go Home Again that may hold greatest interest is Book VI, “I Have a Thing to Tell You.” The German translation of the title, “Nun Will Ich Ihnen 'Was Sagen”, is there for a reason – because this section provides a chilling look at Nazi Germany before the outbreak of the Second World War. Wolfe, a longtime lover of the German culture that was part of his heritage, had visited Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic; but he returned to Germany after Hitler's seizure of power because of one of the Nazi regime's lesser-known laws: that foreign authors could gain access to their German royalties only by traveling to Germany and spending their royalties there. Therefore, Wolfe traveled to Germany; and because he died in 1938, before World War II broke out, his account of Webber’s frightening odyssey among the Nazis provides an exceptionally clear time-capsule view of history’s most hideous dictatorship.
“I Have a Thing to Tell You” sets forth the stages of Wolfe’s disillusionment with his once-beloved Germany. The initial glow of Webber’s literary fame in Germany, with rave reviews and love affairs, fades as he comes to sense the fear of friends who worry that a careless word, overheard by the wrong person, will get them a visit from the Gestapo and a one-way ticket to the concentration camps. And on the train out of Germany, when the train is stopped at the Belgian border, George sees Nazi officials stopping an acquaintance from his train ride – an attorney, who turns out to be Jewish, and whose “crime” consists of wanting to get out of Germany with enough money to live on for a time while making a new start.
One senses in this passage the agony that Wolfe felt on that train, watching the Nazis taking an innocent man into custody, and almost certainly to his death:
“As the car in which he had been riding slid by, [the attorney] lifted his pasty face and terror-stricken eyes….He looked once, directly and steadfastly, at his former companions, and they at him. And in that gaze there was all the unmeasured weight of man’s mortal anguish. George and the others felt somehow naked and ashamed, and somehow guilty. They all felt that they were saying farewell, not to a man, but to humanity; not to some pathetic stranger, some chance acquaintance of the voyage, but to mankind; not to some nameless cipher out of life, but to the fading image of a brother’s face.” (p. 540)
Webber in this novel, like Wolfe in real life, publishes an extended denunciation of the Nazi regime, knowing that the regime will respond by declaring him persona non grata anywhere in the German Reich. Exiled from his physical hometown of Libya Hill, George is now also exiled from his spiritual homeland of Germany. Like Thomas Wolfe – or like you, or like me – George Webber can’t go home again.
This vast, sprawling novel gives the reader Thomas Wolfe’s enormous, hyperbolic, chaotic, wondrous, disorganized genius at its finest. Wolfe may have been, in many ways, the closest thing we will ever have to an American Dickens; the literary canvas on which he painted was that broad. You Can’t Go Home Again is a book that everyone should read, in recognition of our shared status as exiles of one kind or another.