Richard Derix is a journalist for the Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad.
I have read many short biographies which felt a bit liked shameless rush jobs. Fortunately, I did not feel that was the case with this book. This was a masterclass in how to write, a concise, detailed, well researched warts and all political biography. In a sense I felt readily ready to forgive the author for not making this biography of greater length. That is because Zelensky’s story is still being written and his life and many of his countrymen still hang in the balance.
Much of this book, rightly focuses on Zelensky’s career as an up and coming comedian/entertainer. Zelensky’s background as a Russian speaking Ukrainian allowed him to easily slip into the world of KVN entertainment. KVN was essentially a giant Soviet Union wide comedy talent show that made the transition to the early post-Soviet era. The author patiently described KVN comedy culture and described how it differed from comedy trends in Western Europe. KVN was often very slapstick and active, often relying on making people laugh by dance routines and funny facial expressions. In Zelensky’s case he took it to one extreme years later and pretended to play Tschaikovsy on the piano with his penis. The centre of the KVN world was Moscow meaning that for much of Zelensky’s early career he toured much of Russia and saw little of his home country for much of the time. Eventually Zelensky formed a comedy troupe, named after the neighbourhood where he grew up with friends from there; Kvartal 95.
Zelensky threw himself into Kvartal 95, writing much of it’s material (nearly all of it early on) and working 80 hour weeks to push it from it’s humble beginnings to become something bigger. Much of the time Kvartal 95 lived on a shoe string budget, with the members and their partners living in the same apartment for years. Zelensky had a modest wedding reception in a bowling alley and only went on his first holiday abroad around 2006. As time went on Kvartal 95’s comedy became a lot more politically minded, starting with routines that focused on ordinary people trying to live their regular lives with much of what was seen as dysfunctional in Ukraine. This eventually broadened into the main performers including Zelensky impersonating Presidents and political figures of the day.
Zelensky became more aware of the growing pains of his still young nation, especially as Kvartal 95 settled in Kyiv and started to enter the TV and film business under the business of Studio Kvartal 95. All Presidents tried to walk a tight rope between the West and Russia, particularly after the “election” of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The second President Kuchma, in a bid to revive a struggling economy privatised many state companies leading to the rise of an Oligarch class as influential and problematic as the same class in Russia. Corruption permeated almost every level of government and security institutions. Meanwhile, a language and cultural divide between pro-West European Ukrainians who spoke Ukrainian and those who lived in the East and spoke Russian. Zelensky, being a Russian speaker was very sensitive to Western Ukrainian lawmakers making laws against speaking the Russian language. Zelensky only in recent years became proficient in Ukrainian. While early on he blamed Ukrainian politicians for sowing division, the events that transpired in 2014 made him realise that the real puppet master sat in the Kremlin.
The Euromaiden demonstrations, that came to a head in 2014, which forced Russian supported Ukrainian President Yanukovych to thread led in rapid succession to Eastern Ukrainian counter demonstrations and the setting up of the “republics” in Donetsk and Luhansk. These were rapidly supported by a Russian military intervention which was too vast to be disguised. Kvartal 95 held performances to support Ukrainian troops on the frontline during the Donbass War, effecting Zelensky personally. After many years he started to feel strongly about being Ukrainian.
Studio Kvartal 95’s most directly political series “Servant of the People” in the end became life imitating art for Zelensky, the star of the series. The series itself featured him playing an everyman history teacher whose rant against Ukrainian politicians is recorded by a student and ends up going viral, ending up in him becoming President. In 2019 Zelensky announced he would run for President against the incumbent Petro Poreshenko. Zelensky won by a historic margin.
Considering the great attention the book concentrated on Zelensky’s comedy career, I was afraid that his more unknown (outside of Ukraine at least) political career pre-invasion would get short shrift from the author. Fortunately, I was wrong and what the author offered was a warts and all accounts of Zelensky’s turbulent first term in peace time. What was the problem? It can be summed up as a lack of preparation. Servants of the People was barely a political party at all with barely a manifesto, with policies thrown in by supporter interaction via special events and social media. Many who stood were well meaning friends and supporters of Zelensky. Others were well meaning activists seeing the chance to rid Ukraine of many of it’s long term problems. However, too many were shameless opportunists who were never really fully on board with the project.
But Zelensky’s main problem seemed to be that he was in a hurry and the ends justified the means as far as he was concerned. Unexpected resignations or sackings became the order of the day among much of the government and it’s agencies, however many of those who left could arguably have helped Zelenksy achieved his vision of reform. All of this disruption took on a life of it’s own, with many resigning either because they were fed up of being suspected of being in someone’s pocket or because resignations elsewhere made their ability to do their jobs impossible. Gradually, losing patience Zelensky relied on centralising more power into the Presidency in order to get things done. This did not go unnoticed by many Human Rights concerns who aired their concerns. However, this all was made worse by the Constitutional Court striking down a requirement for civil servants (many of whom were notoriously corrupt) to declare their financial interests. Far from deterred Zelensky used Presidential Powers via the National Security and Defence Council to try and reverse this by decree.
The author rightly pointed out that Zelensky would justify this in the context of Russia trying to destabilise Ukraine. Putin’s Russia had indeed been trying to destabilise Ukraine for years and had been in and undeclared war with it since 2014. Zelensky’s soon became to realise that his early sentiments about the divisions between East and West Ukraine were wrong, the real disruptor was Russia and the war had to be ended for Ukraine to survive as a country. His first instinct was attempted reconciliation through a controversial prisoner swap that let a key suspect in the MH17 plane shoot down escape, a price he thought worth paying for peace. But peace didn’t come. At Zelensky and Putin’s only meeting the latter barely reacted to him being there. After that Putin turned down all invitations for another meeting with him even as the time until the war started came perilously close. However, this part of Zelensky’s career also hinted at an innate confidence to throw caution to the wind to get his country out of a bind. So-called Wagnergate was an abortive Ukrainian Intelligence operation to lure and capture several Wagner mercenaries in order to interrogate them about their activities in the Donbass. If it had succeeded, would the invasion plans have been deployed sooner.
I greatly appreciate this book for not hero worshipping it’s subject or doing a hatchet job. The way I read it, the author laid out the case that Zelensky was not a dictator in making, but perhaps resorted to Presidential authority so quickly out of frustration and impatience for the lack of progress of reform. But he also played the price of not taking the time to methodically build a more political movement. Instead, he tried to build it from his celebrity and the general malaise and cynicism felt by much of the Ukrainian public towards their disappointing political class. In this way he could be described as suffering from problems experienced by most populists. But the author makes clear that while Zelensky could be impulsive he always put the work in and there were few things he did by half measures. A prolific smoker before, he quitted as soon as his daughter came back from school crying because she thought he might die of cancer. His life on the road left him very out of shape until he hired a personal trainer, giving him the soldier-like physique he has today to wear the clothes of his armed forces today. He also took care of those who worked with him in Kvartal 95 and Studio Kvartal 95, with the latter supporting his close colleagues to get mortgages on their first houses.
Euromaiden and the invasion have changed him in many ways. He is more thoughtful, reflective but puts his performative skills to use to inspire his country to fight off the ongoing invasion. But times of frustration, such as the Western allies refusal to implement a no-fly zone, gave the world a glimpse of the old impulsive Zelensky when he frankly showed his frustration. In this way I think it can be safely be said that the old person is still there with the war leader. I wish the old performer the best of luck during the performance of his life.