R.J. Morris is Professor of Economic and Social History at Edinburgh University. His previous publications include Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds, 1820-50; People and Society in Scotland Volume II, 1830-1914 (jointly edited with W Hamish Fraser), and The ILP on Clydeside, 1893-1932: from foundation to disintegration (jointly edited with Alan McKinlay). He is a contributor to the Penguin History of Scotland.