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416 pages, Paperback
First published October 31, 2012
... galut [exile] involves, unmistakably, the element of exposure and lack of protection. But exposure also suggests something positive, i.e., opening up to new contexts, and this is a central dialectic in our conceptualization of not only exile but also all phenomena associated with involuntary dislocation. This is the same dialectic that we encountered earlier [in previous chapter] in relation to the Homeric nostos ["homecoming"], where renewal and suffering are both juxtaposed as well as interwoven" (63).Here the author even speaks of the Aristotelian term, catharsis, and proposes that even after the darkest night one can find some redeeming quality in the experience undergone, as one finds in the Greek tragedies in catharsis. In other words, we are not to relegate the unfortunate to the tragic fate and leave them there to barely survive but to allow them to have a (new) life and to thrive: "How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land?" (Ps. 137:4)--to sing a song, not just to persist but to thrive. How specifically we are to do this as an individual, as a humanitarian agency, or as a notion, is of course the key question, for which this book functions as the essential prerequisite for anyone grappling with the question.
Trauma is the mark left from when adversity was 'rubbed in,' but insofar as it lasts longer than the adverse event, as does the scar of a wound, it also has a life of its own: it serves as a sign that conveys a message with various meanings, e.g., warning people to treat the affected person in a considerate manner, reminding others of the consequences of adversity, admiring it as a budge of courage, etc. In short, the trauma, being also a sign, has a potent additional and communicative value, referring not only to the past but also to the present and the future (214).Trauma leaves a trace. But the trace it leaves behind acts as a foreign object, as Freud discovered. He writes, as the author cites:
We must presume... that the psychical trauma - or more precisely the memory of the trauma - acts like a foreign body [Fremdkörper] which long after its entry must continue to be regarded as an agent that is still at work (Breuer & Freud, 1895, p. 6; as cited on 235).This is why trauma is ofen (re)triggered long after the initial event has occurred in the past. This happens because the memory of the event inside the mind acts as a foreign agent (as if from without) with the force similar (if not equal) to the initial event. Freud designates the resurgence of the past trauma Nachträglichkeit. Thus Künstlicher explains eloquently:
At least two occasions are required to complete a trauma. It is not the original event that is traumatic but those residues that were never able to be assimilated and instead survive untranslated in the unconscious. In retrospect,..., a subsequent reminiscence becomes a link to the repressed, and through that, the trauma is completed. This is the return of the repressed, and 'Nachträglichkeit' signifies the moment when the two occasions become associated (Künstlicher, 1994, p. 104; as quoted on 236-37).
For the whole intelligible realm, which is impressed [τυπούμενος] mystically in symbolic forms [συμβολικοῖς εἴδεσι] in the whole sensible realm, appears for those who are able to see; and the whole sensible realm, which is intellectually simplified into its principles [λόγοις] according to the mind [κατά νοῦν], exists in the whole intelligible realm. For, the sensible realm is in the intelligible realm in the principles, and the intelligible realm is in the sensible realm in the [imprints (τύποις) (Mystagogia, 240-45).In this regard, Kant refers to the natural law as the "type" [Typus] of the moral law (KpV, 69). Further removed from any sense of wound, there is also the word: ἴχνος, meaning a track, footstep, which Plotinus uses as the mark of the intelligible One in all things. And this word must be further distinguished from the word, εἰκών, which means a likeness, image, or portrait--the word used in Gen. 1:26, 27: "Let us make humankind [adam] in our image [είκόνα]....So God created humankind in his image [είκόνα], in the [likeness] [ὁμοίωσιν] of God he created them."