A new and original history of the forces that shaped the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
We thought we knew the story of the twentieth century. For many in the West, after the two world conflicts and the long cold war, the verdict was democratic values had prevailed over dictatorship. But if the twentieth century meant the triumph of liberalism, as many intellectuals proclaimed, why have the era’s darker impulses―ethnic nationalism, racist violence, and populist authoritarianism―revived?
The Project-State and Its Rivals offers a radical alternative interpretation that takes us from the transforming challenges of the world wars to our own time. Instead of the traditional narrative of domestic politics and international relations, Charles S. Maier looks to the political and economic impulses that propelled societies through a century when territorial states and transnational forces both claimed power, engaging sometimes as rivals and sometimes as allies. Maier focuses on recurring institutional project-states including both democracies and dictatorships that sought not just to retain power but to transform their societies; new forms of imperial domination; global networks of finance; and the international associations, foundations, and NGOs that tried to shape public life through allegedly apolitical appeals to science and ethics.
In this account, which draws on the author’s studies over half a century, Maier invites a rethinking of the long twentieth century. His history of state entanglements with capital, the decline of public projects, and the fragility of governance explains the fraying of our own civic culture―but also allows hope for its recovery.
Ammetto di aver fatto una certa fatica con le pagine più economiche. Ma è una fatica che vale la pena, perché è così che si illustra e si capisce (o si tenta di capire) la Storia, andando a indagare tutti gli strati lungo cui si muove la vicenda delle collettività umane, perché l'alternativa è l'illusione che gli eventi storici spuntino dal nulla e non abbiano invece cause profonde. Questo libro procede avanti e indietro dallo strato superficiale degli eventi politici e bellici a quello, sottostante, delle vicende economiche. In questo modo si può capire come certi snodi siano avvenuti all'interno di precise circostanze, se non addirittura vincoli. Ad esempio la svolta decisiva avvenuta a fine anni Settanta, cioè l'ascesa di quello che ad alcuni piace chiamare "neoliberismo", non è proprio frutto dell'avvento di una qualche malvagia mentalità, bensì di fattori storici ed economici dotati di una loro forza e maturati nei decennî precedenti, quando il sistema dello Stato che provvede non a tutto ma a molto stava mostrando la corda. Poi, certo, l'autore ha comunque una sua inclinazione rispetto alle direzione che preferirebbe prendessero quell'insieme che formano gli Stati e i mercati. E la sua analisi degli ultimi anni, quelli successivi alla crisi finanziaria del 2008 e dell'ascesa del populismo, mi sembra carente, con l'autore che sposa la teoria secondo cui la gente vota a destra, e una destra anche estrema, semplicemente perché la sinistra non fa più la sinistra, col liberismo estremo che avrebbe causato disuguaglianze ormai inaccettabili. Sarà, ma intanto, come ammette lo stesso autore, molta della destra populista oggi votata è anche quella che vuole meno tasse per tutti, non certo una ricetta di sinistra. Inoltre l'affermazione del populismo di destra in paesi come l'Ungheria, che su questo è stata apripista, precede la disastrosa crisi finanziaria del 2008. Mi sembra che in questo caso si sottovaluti il conflitto tra i paesi occidentali che stanno definitivamente accogliendo valori come la diversità sessuale o l'emancipazione femminile, spingendo queste cose sempre più in là, e quei paesi ancora legati a una visione definibile tradizionale e percepita sotto minaccia. E allora forse anche le idee contano. Ma in fondo anche quello culturale è uno dei tanti strati di cui si compone la Storia.
An excellent new history of the twentieth and twenty first centuries by a first rate historian. Maier sees the history of these centuries as driven by the conflict and interconnection between the titular “project-state”, capital and the “realm of governance” (NGOs, think tanks etc). The book provides a valuable new way of viewing this portion of history which is often seen through the rubric of international relations (WW1 & WW2 followed by the Cold War and the unipolar moment). Though these events are obviously present in the narrative Maier is more preoccupied with the political economy of the period. Anyone interested in twentieth and twenty first century history is sure to learn a great deal by reading this book. Highly recommended.
It takes real moxie to add yet another doorstopper history of 20th century political economy to a now sizable stack of such books, but Maier has the credentials to do so. His impressive magnum opus of 1975, Recasting Bourgeois Europe, is evidence of his qualifications. The Project-State and Its Rivals updates and does riffs on a major themes of that earlier book, such as the crucial failure of nerve by Italian, French and German liberals and social democrats facing powerful movements on the Left -- the spectre haunting those countries' bourgeoisies in the 1920s. That failure cleared the ground for fascism and war. Such processes were at work 100 years ago. Maier’s account in The Project-State detects similarly dangerous capitulations to bourgeois power in today’s politics.
Positive examples of Maier's project-state – the Roosevelt administration is a main case - have likewise faced pushbacks, chiefly from two rival forces (the ‘Resource Empire’ and ‘Capital’). A third, and weaker rival is an assemblage that Maier calls 'governance'. He defines it as “nonstate or interstate organizations that proposed to intervene in society by invoking ethical, normative, or ‘expert’ considerations, whether supported by laws and governments or not.” He sees all four as “agents”. And here begin a host of problems when politics are analysed in terms of these already slippery, overlapping, internally fractured collective actors. Some of them operate with political hands and feet, others not. Criteria of categorization are vague. Some crucial actors are excluded. The ‘governance’ grouping, for example, seems to comprise only those with beneficent (social democratic, in Maier’s terms) aspirations; less benign, but much more influential nonstate groupings are left out, such as the World Economic Forum and its Davos gatherings, which go unmentioned in the book.
Maier’s book has not been well served by Harvard University Press. It failed to streamline the text, to eliminate annoying repetition (too many passages about inflation crop up across several chapters, for example) and to provide decent proofreading. The text and footnotes are riddled with errors of spelling and of fact. There are some obvious bloopers: instead of the Organisation of African Unity, the book assigns a role in an African crisis to the Organization of American States.
Yet despite these shortcomings and debatable concepts, the erudition and insight at hand in this book are formidable and instructive. [ posted 22 June 2023 ]