Lukes manages to write a novel based on the major theories of contemporary political philosophy. The book follows the Gulliver-esque travels of a political science professor on a mission to find the perfect society. In his quest, he visits several imaginary countries, each one based on a different political theory—utilitarianism, communitarianism, libertarianism, etc. His misadventures illustrate the various pros and cons of each respective theory.
When I first discovered this book, it struck me as one of the most brilliant ideas ever conceived. Assuming that this was my kind of novel, and hoping that I might one day assign this book to my students if I ever taught a course on political philosophy, I eager read it as soon as I could my hands on a copy. But, reading the book, it soon became obvious how difficult the idea is to execute. If the author tries to be too faithful to the theory, then the book is tedious and the plot comes across as contrived. On the other hand, if the author wants to create an engaging story with rich characters, then liberties must be taken with the theory. Lukes does an excellent job of plotting a course between the two extremes. Unfortunately, the result is not necessarily the best of both worlds.
One particular problem with this project is that many political theories are too general or abstract to generate one particular kind of society with one specific sort of legal and political structure. The exception might be libertarianism, which does seem to yield rather narrow results in practice. (Most libertarian societies will look more or less the same.) And for this reason, the professor’s visit to “Libertaria” is probably the most successful part of the book. Communitarian political theory, by contrast, claims that the values of the community and the importance of interpersonal relations should take priority over individual rights and free choice. But different communities have different values. Thus actual communitarian societies in practice could vary from radical right-wing Islamist societies to hippy free-love communes depending on the shared values and beliefs of the members of the particular community. Too avoid this, Lukes depicts a pluralistic society made of multiple communities. But what results looks more like multiculturalism than communitarianism.
Utilitarianism is even more problematic. According to this approach to political theory, we should adopt whatever legal and political system (and whatever specific laws and public policies) would maximize aggregate happiness (in the long run). But which laws, policies, and institutional structures would best promote the overall happiness of the members of society is a matter of debate and might differ greatly among different places, peoples, and times. What Lukes actually depicts is not a utilitarian society but a society of utilitarians—which is not the same thing.
Though Lukes’s book is entertaining and will amuse anyone interested in political theory, it does not compare well with Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1931)—the gold standard for the genre—which depicts a very specific vision for society: a hedonistic utilitarian utopia (of the “push-pin-is-as-good-as-poetry” form of hedonism). Besides being more insightful and more entertaining, BNW also makes a stronger case both for and against hedonistic utilitarian society than Lukes manages to make for/against any of the theories treated in his novel. Lukes’s Curious Enlightenment does, however, have the significant advantage of examining several popular political theories (not just one). This makes the idea behind his novel more interesting but harder to pull off successfully.