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Decadencia de Tokio
Esta colección de quince cuentos, escritos entre 1986 y 2003, contempla distintas etapas de Ryū Murakami, uno de los mejores y más prolíficos autores japoneses actuales.
Desde textos tempranos hasta las perturbadoras historias de Topacio, en las que se basa la película Decadencia de Tokio dirigida por el mismo autor, pasando por textos de carácter personal en los que Murakami, en clave de ficción, repasa sus años de formación. Cuentos que retratan los lugares menos favorecidos de Tokio y los anhelos de distintas generaciones; las desventuras de un joven artista del periodo de Azul casi transparente, consumido por los excesos y la falta de propósito del Japón de comienzos de los setenta; la cotidianidad de camioneros, madres de familia e inadaptados sociales durante los ochenta, cuyas vidas, siempre a punto de dar un vuelco, parecen conectadas por medio de un famoso jugador de béisbol; el mundo del cine y del espectáculo de los noventa, con su añoranza de lo extranjero, relatado con música cubana de fondo.
Desde textos tempranos hasta las perturbadoras historias de Topacio, en las que se basa la película Decadencia de Tokio dirigida por el mismo autor, pasando por textos de carácter personal en los que Murakami, en clave de ficción, repasa sus años de formación. Cuentos que retratan los lugares menos favorecidos de Tokio y los anhelos de distintas generaciones; las desventuras de un joven artista del periodo de Azul casi transparente, consumido por los excesos y la falta de propósito del Japón de comienzos de los setenta; la cotidianidad de camioneros, madres de familia e inadaptados sociales durante los ochenta, cuyas vidas, siempre a punto de dar un vuelco, parecen conectadas por medio de un famoso jugador de béisbol; el mundo del cine y del espectáculo de los noventa, con su añoranza de lo extranjero, relatado con música cubana de fondo.
292 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1988
289 people are currently reading
2523 people want to read
About the author
Ryū Murakami
255 books3,677 followersRyū Murakami (村上 龍) is a Japanese novelist and filmmaker. He is not related to Haruki Murakami or Takashi Murakami.
Murakami's first work, the short novel Almost Transparent Blue, written while he was still a student, deals with promiscuity and drug use among disaffected Japanese youth. Critically acclaimed as a new style of literature, it won the newcomer's literature prize in 1976 despite some observers decrying it as decadent. Later the same year, Blue won the Akutagawa Prize, going on to become a best seller. In 1980, Murakami published the much longer novel Coin Locker Babies, again to critical acclaim.
Takashi Miike's feature film Audition (1999) was based on one of his novels. Murakami reportedly liked it so much he gave Miike his blessing to adapt Coin Locker Babies. The screen play was worked on by director Jordan Galland. However, Miike could not raise funding for the project. An adaptation directed by Michele Civetta is currently in production.
Murakami has played drums for a rock group called Coelacanth and hosted a TV talk show.
Murakami's first work, the short novel Almost Transparent Blue, written while he was still a student, deals with promiscuity and drug use among disaffected Japanese youth. Critically acclaimed as a new style of literature, it won the newcomer's literature prize in 1976 despite some observers decrying it as decadent. Later the same year, Blue won the Akutagawa Prize, going on to become a best seller. In 1980, Murakami published the much longer novel Coin Locker Babies, again to critical acclaim.
Takashi Miike's feature film Audition (1999) was based on one of his novels. Murakami reportedly liked it so much he gave Miike his blessing to adapt Coin Locker Babies. The screen play was worked on by director Jordan Galland. However, Miike could not raise funding for the project. An adaptation directed by Michele Civetta is currently in production.
Murakami has played drums for a rock group called Coelacanth and hosted a TV talk show.
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March 19, 2016
http://www.mytwostotinki.com/?p=2570
The protagonists in Ryu Murakami's collection of 15 short stories Tokyo Decadence are not your average salarymen and housewives you would probably expect from a contemporary Japanese author.
The stories, competently translated by Ralph McCarthy as it seems (I don't speak Japanese and can judge only from the language of the translation), are taken from five story collections originally published between 1986 and 2003.
They are depicting mainly the lives of Tokyoites that live outside the "average" world of offices of big corporations. The men are film directors, novelists, university drop-outs, painters, musicians, petty drug dealers, waiters, or truck drivers, the women frequently single mothers, hostesses and call girls and they are in all their weirdness not so different from "us" average people: they are looking for love and friendship, for a way out of their unhappiness and misery, and for something that is missing in their lives - or in Japanese society in general; hence their fascination with baseball (in the first four stories, taken from Run, Takahashi!), cinema (in the three stories from Ryu's Cinematheque), or Cuba and its music (in the four stories taken from Swans). And when they can't find any of these things they are in a more or less conscious way longing for, there is still enough left to fill in the gaps and the emptiness: sex (lots of it!), drugs, and the joyless joys of consumerism (as in one of the strongest stories of the book, Topaz).
Tokyo Decadence could be a depressing read with all these drifters, hoodlums, prostitutes, drug addicts and women on the verge of a nervous breakdown or beyond; the fact that Ryu Murakami was hailed by some media as an author in the mould of Bret Easton Ellis or Chuck Palahniuk seemed to suggest that I was to expect a book I would most probably not really enjoy very much. But it turned out that this book was a pleasant surprise.
Ryu Murakami knows the milieu about which he is writing obviously very well; he is a TV host and a film director and also a producer of Cuban music; therefore his descriptions of the world of media or about Cuban music that are central to several stories feel absolutely authentic. As a film director and script writer he knows also how to write gripping dialogues. They are frequently very interesting because they reveal the real character of most protagonists. In several of the stories we get to know a character as narrator of the story before in the next story, told by another narrator, the main protagonist of the previous story is depicted in a very different way. Although each story is a stand-alone story, the frequent links between the individual stories of each collection give sometimes a feeling as if we are reading a novel or novella written from the standpoint of different narrators. And when I said in a recent review of a Colum McCann novel that that author obviously cannot create interesting female characters, the opposite is true of Ryu Murakami. Several of the narrators and main characters in the stories are women, and Murakami shows great empathy in describing them in all their humanity.
Another element that I must mention here and that adds to the flavour of this story collection is the humor in most of the stories. The way how the unemployed macho truck driver in It All Started Just About a Year and a Half Ago finds his true - and more than surprising - vocation as a male transvestite hostess in a gay bar; and how his daughter finds out the truth about it: it is a hilariously funny story. Or when in The Last Picture Show the young narrator who was just evicted from his home starts to collect hydrangea leaves at night with a yakuza from the neighbourhood (dried and rolled they smell like weed); the whole "drug" selling is more like a prank of two kids. At the same time Murakami is revealing the soft side of the young yakuza who starts to shed tears when he is watching the movie The Last Picture Show in a cinema with his new acquaintance. This moment seems also to be the beginning of a friendship between these two young men.
There is hope in many of the stories for the protagonists that their life will change one day. One of them really makes it to Cuba. And in the final story At the Airport when we are left guessing as readers until the last paragraph if Saito, the regular costumer of the sex worker who is telling us her story, and who fell in love with her will really turn up to bring her to a place where she can pursue the training for the profession she really wanted to learn since a long time, the narrator is watching an old couple waiting nearby: he is having a cigarette in the smoking area, while she is folding the paper wrappers of some chocolate she is eating. When the old man is coming back, his wife leaves him her seat. Getting old together is maybe the best that life has in stock for some of us, and while watching the old couple, the narrator seems to realize that this is also something she could aim at with Saito - who is turning up just in time at the last moment. A hopeful end of this story and the story collection I truly enjoyed.
Ryu Murakami - not related to Haruki Murakami - is author of forty novels, a dozen short story books, several collections of essays and picture books, and also director of five feature films. Tokyo Decadence is an excellent opportunity to discover one of the best and most prolific Japanese contemporary authors. Highly recommended!
The protagonists in Ryu Murakami's collection of 15 short stories Tokyo Decadence are not your average salarymen and housewives you would probably expect from a contemporary Japanese author.
The stories, competently translated by Ralph McCarthy as it seems (I don't speak Japanese and can judge only from the language of the translation), are taken from five story collections originally published between 1986 and 2003.
They are depicting mainly the lives of Tokyoites that live outside the "average" world of offices of big corporations. The men are film directors, novelists, university drop-outs, painters, musicians, petty drug dealers, waiters, or truck drivers, the women frequently single mothers, hostesses and call girls and they are in all their weirdness not so different from "us" average people: they are looking for love and friendship, for a way out of their unhappiness and misery, and for something that is missing in their lives - or in Japanese society in general; hence their fascination with baseball (in the first four stories, taken from Run, Takahashi!), cinema (in the three stories from Ryu's Cinematheque), or Cuba and its music (in the four stories taken from Swans). And when they can't find any of these things they are in a more or less conscious way longing for, there is still enough left to fill in the gaps and the emptiness: sex (lots of it!), drugs, and the joyless joys of consumerism (as in one of the strongest stories of the book, Topaz).
Tokyo Decadence could be a depressing read with all these drifters, hoodlums, prostitutes, drug addicts and women on the verge of a nervous breakdown or beyond; the fact that Ryu Murakami was hailed by some media as an author in the mould of Bret Easton Ellis or Chuck Palahniuk seemed to suggest that I was to expect a book I would most probably not really enjoy very much. But it turned out that this book was a pleasant surprise.
Ryu Murakami knows the milieu about which he is writing obviously very well; he is a TV host and a film director and also a producer of Cuban music; therefore his descriptions of the world of media or about Cuban music that are central to several stories feel absolutely authentic. As a film director and script writer he knows also how to write gripping dialogues. They are frequently very interesting because they reveal the real character of most protagonists. In several of the stories we get to know a character as narrator of the story before in the next story, told by another narrator, the main protagonist of the previous story is depicted in a very different way. Although each story is a stand-alone story, the frequent links between the individual stories of each collection give sometimes a feeling as if we are reading a novel or novella written from the standpoint of different narrators. And when I said in a recent review of a Colum McCann novel that that author obviously cannot create interesting female characters, the opposite is true of Ryu Murakami. Several of the narrators and main characters in the stories are women, and Murakami shows great empathy in describing them in all their humanity.
Another element that I must mention here and that adds to the flavour of this story collection is the humor in most of the stories. The way how the unemployed macho truck driver in It All Started Just About a Year and a Half Ago finds his true - and more than surprising - vocation as a male transvestite hostess in a gay bar; and how his daughter finds out the truth about it: it is a hilariously funny story. Or when in The Last Picture Show the young narrator who was just evicted from his home starts to collect hydrangea leaves at night with a yakuza from the neighbourhood (dried and rolled they smell like weed); the whole "drug" selling is more like a prank of two kids. At the same time Murakami is revealing the soft side of the young yakuza who starts to shed tears when he is watching the movie The Last Picture Show in a cinema with his new acquaintance. This moment seems also to be the beginning of a friendship between these two young men.
There is hope in many of the stories for the protagonists that their life will change one day. One of them really makes it to Cuba. And in the final story At the Airport when we are left guessing as readers until the last paragraph if Saito, the regular costumer of the sex worker who is telling us her story, and who fell in love with her will really turn up to bring her to a place where she can pursue the training for the profession she really wanted to learn since a long time, the narrator is watching an old couple waiting nearby: he is having a cigarette in the smoking area, while she is folding the paper wrappers of some chocolate she is eating. When the old man is coming back, his wife leaves him her seat. Getting old together is maybe the best that life has in stock for some of us, and while watching the old couple, the narrator seems to realize that this is also something she could aim at with Saito - who is turning up just in time at the last moment. A hopeful end of this story and the story collection I truly enjoyed.
Ryu Murakami - not related to Haruki Murakami - is author of forty novels, a dozen short story books, several collections of essays and picture books, and also director of five feature films. Tokyo Decadence is an excellent opportunity to discover one of the best and most prolific Japanese contemporary authors. Highly recommended!
October 17, 2022
Decadencia de Tokio es un compilado de relatos breves que recorre por lo menos tres décadas en la carrera escritural de Ryu Murakami.
Lo disfruté por lo mismo. Creo que, al ofrecer un panorama tan amplio, es posible ver la evolución de las temáticas y estéticas del autor: en sus primeros relatos, coquetea con la violencia; más adelante, se adentra por completo en la brutalidad como foco central de su narrativa; y, ya hacia el final, se distancia para explorar elementos autobiográficos.
Aprecio de estos textos, especialmente de los ochenteros, su voluntad por humanizar a los personajes marginados. A la prostituta, al maricón, al drogadicto, etcétera. Me parece refrescante leer textos de la época donde estos sujetos tengan voluntades y motivaciones.
El relato que más me cautivó fue "Linterna", por el subtema de la mitología contra la psicología y, por supuesto, por sus imágenes grotescas. Creo, eso sí, que ninguno de los relatos es tan bueno como este.
Lo disfruté por lo mismo. Creo que, al ofrecer un panorama tan amplio, es posible ver la evolución de las temáticas y estéticas del autor: en sus primeros relatos, coquetea con la violencia; más adelante, se adentra por completo en la brutalidad como foco central de su narrativa; y, ya hacia el final, se distancia para explorar elementos autobiográficos.
Aprecio de estos textos, especialmente de los ochenteros, su voluntad por humanizar a los personajes marginados. A la prostituta, al maricón, al drogadicto, etcétera. Me parece refrescante leer textos de la época donde estos sujetos tengan voluntades y motivaciones.
El relato que más me cautivó fue "Linterna", por el subtema de la mitología contra la psicología y, por supuesto, por sus imágenes grotescas. Creo, eso sí, que ninguno de los relatos es tan bueno como este.
May 11, 2024
র্যু মুরাকামির ১৫ টা গল্পের সংকলন। আমাদের দেশে অন্য হারুকি মুরাকামি বেশ জনপ্রিয় হলেও, র্যু মুরাকামি ততটা নন। অবশ্য তিনি যে ধাঁচে লেখেন, এমনটাই স্বাভাবিক। গল্পগুলোর প্রত্যেকটাই কমবেশি ভালো লেগেছে। লেখকের গল্পের প্লটের চেয়ে আসলে আমার তার গল্প বলার ধরণটা বেশি আকৃষ্ট করে। তাকে জাপানের চাক পালানিউক বলা যায়।
April 8, 2019
I read somewhere that this book is supposed to surprise hardcore Ryu Murakami fans, since it's so very different from his other works. Well, that statement is kind of true, and kind of not.
I'm a huge fan of the master satirist (personal favorites being 'In the Miso Soup' and 'Popular Hits of the Showa Era'). His writing is often brutal, violent and merciless, but also filled with sharp observations about humanity along with a dark sense of humor.
Tokyo Decadence has almost all of these qualities, which is why I wasn't as surprised as I was supposed to be. Most of the short stories contained within this book are dark, dirty, sly and as sharp as a razor blade hiding under a pillowcase.
But what did manage to surprise me was the subtle sweetness Murakami shows in some of the stories. Most often this sweetness manifests itself as a happy ending, such as in the story titled 'At the Airport'. Sometimes it's an odd friendship, like in 'The Last Picture Show'. And sometimes this sweetness, this sympathy towards his characters shows itself in the form of a breakup and reconciliation, like in 'Se Fue'.
I also enjoyed the more bizarre stories, like 'I Am A Novelist', because they too had something to say about humanity (the strange relationship between personality and love in this case).
Overall I'd give the book a 3.5, and would recommend it to Murakami's fans and non-fans alike. Those who already like his style will like a lot of the stories, and this is a good, milder introduction for those who aren't familiar with his quirks.
I'm a huge fan of the master satirist (personal favorites being 'In the Miso Soup' and 'Popular Hits of the Showa Era'). His writing is often brutal, violent and merciless, but also filled with sharp observations about humanity along with a dark sense of humor.
Tokyo Decadence has almost all of these qualities, which is why I wasn't as surprised as I was supposed to be. Most of the short stories contained within this book are dark, dirty, sly and as sharp as a razor blade hiding under a pillowcase.
But what did manage to surprise me was the subtle sweetness Murakami shows in some of the stories. Most often this sweetness manifests itself as a happy ending, such as in the story titled 'At the Airport'. Sometimes it's an odd friendship, like in 'The Last Picture Show'. And sometimes this sweetness, this sympathy towards his characters shows itself in the form of a breakup and reconciliation, like in 'Se Fue'.
I also enjoyed the more bizarre stories, like 'I Am A Novelist', because they too had something to say about humanity (the strange relationship between personality and love in this case).
Overall I'd give the book a 3.5, and would recommend it to Murakami's fans and non-fans alike. Those who already like his style will like a lot of the stories, and this is a good, milder introduction for those who aren't familiar with his quirks.
February 10, 2018
If you've been feeling lost, lonely and utterly hopeless prior to reading this book, it will probably devastate you even further when you're done reading it. But if you're like me and enjoy deliberately tormenting yourself, then go right ahead. Play some melancholic jazz music in the background and allow yourself to get lost in the painfully relatable tales of Tokyo Decadence.
"...the social pressure of “You’ve got everything you need, what’s your problem?” is more powerful than you might ever think, and it’s hard to defend yourself against it. In this country it’s taboo even to think about looking for something more in life." - from Historia de un Amor
"...the social pressure of “You’ve got everything you need, what’s your problem?” is more powerful than you might ever think, and it’s hard to defend yourself against it. In this country it’s taboo even to think about looking for something more in life." - from Historia de un Amor
March 18, 2021
Vidas despersonalizadas, música jazz, fetichismos, ilusiones rotas, toques bizarros y autodestrucción en los bajos fondos tokiotas. Sabía que me iba a gustar, pero no que iba a ser tanto.
August 24, 2024
3,5🌟
Topazio 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Parco 🌟🌟🌟
La Cornetta del Telefono 🌟🌟🌟✨
Donna Dal Naso Storto 🌟🌟🌟✨
Cavolaia 🌟🌟🌟
Pen Light 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟
Ninnananna 🌟🌟
Someday 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Off 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Delfino 🌟🌟🌟✨
Uova 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Autobus 🌟🌟
Topazio 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Parco 🌟🌟🌟
La Cornetta del Telefono 🌟🌟🌟✨
Donna Dal Naso Storto 🌟🌟🌟✨
Cavolaia 🌟🌟🌟
Pen Light 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟
Ninnananna 🌟🌟
Someday 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Off 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Delfino 🌟🌟🌟✨
Uova 🌟🌟🌟🌟
Autobus 🌟🌟
July 17, 2023
Tengo muchísimos sentimientos encontrados con este libro.
Primero, decir que me gustó muchísimo los temas a exponer en los quince cuentos. Creo que siempre es agradable poder leer una obra que exponga las diversas problemáticas que tiene que enfrentar el ser humano, más aún cuando se trata de aquellos temas tabúes que forman parte de los rincones de cada sociedad: la salud mental, la prostitución, la drogadicción, entre otros. Disfruté estas mini novelas, más aún sabiendo que a día de hoy son temas que aún se discuten.
Sin embargo, quedé con un sabor increíblemente amargo respecto a la descripción y creación de personajes femeninos. Jamás había leído mujeres más vacías y carentes de propósito en mi vida, más que para servir sexualmente al hombre. Leí constantemente cómo estas mujeres se sacrificaban constantemente por un hombre para luego quedar destruídas por los mismos, definidas sólo por su calidad de sexo y nada más. Personalidades histéricas y sin dirección, que sólo viven para servir. Quedé muy insatisfecha con estos personajes femeninos, y fue desagradable ver este detalle mientras tenía que leer cómo un hombre ninfómano narcisista alcanzaba el máximo sueño de su vida mientras destrozaba a mujeres. Definitivamente no disfruté en absoluto esto.
El chilenismo agregado al libro fue algo que me perturbó uno que otro momento, pero lo dejé pasar, aunque fue extrañísimo leer sobre la decadencia japonesa mientras habían palabras chilenas de por medio; algo ahí no me cuadró y se sintió muy ajeno.
Pongo las tres estrellas por todas las razones que comenté. El cuento que más disfruté fue “Una historia de amor”.
Primero, decir que me gustó muchísimo los temas a exponer en los quince cuentos. Creo que siempre es agradable poder leer una obra que exponga las diversas problemáticas que tiene que enfrentar el ser humano, más aún cuando se trata de aquellos temas tabúes que forman parte de los rincones de cada sociedad: la salud mental, la prostitución, la drogadicción, entre otros. Disfruté estas mini novelas, más aún sabiendo que a día de hoy son temas que aún se discuten.
Sin embargo, quedé con un sabor increíblemente amargo respecto a la descripción y creación de personajes femeninos. Jamás había leído mujeres más vacías y carentes de propósito en mi vida, más que para servir sexualmente al hombre. Leí constantemente cómo estas mujeres se sacrificaban constantemente por un hombre para luego quedar destruídas por los mismos, definidas sólo por su calidad de sexo y nada más. Personalidades histéricas y sin dirección, que sólo viven para servir. Quedé muy insatisfecha con estos personajes femeninos, y fue desagradable ver este detalle mientras tenía que leer cómo un hombre ninfómano narcisista alcanzaba el máximo sueño de su vida mientras destrozaba a mujeres. Definitivamente no disfruté en absoluto esto.
El chilenismo agregado al libro fue algo que me perturbó uno que otro momento, pero lo dejé pasar, aunque fue extrañísimo leer sobre la decadencia japonesa mientras habían palabras chilenas de por medio; algo ahí no me cuadró y se sintió muy ajeno.
Pongo las tres estrellas por todas las razones que comenté. El cuento que más disfruté fue “Una historia de amor”.
November 10, 2021
Emily and her books
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« Mi piace il dolore di queste macchie rosse. Vanno a sovrapporsi ai segni dei fuochi artificiali sulla veranda della mia casa in campagna. Sono un simbolo di felicità. »
3,5/5
Dodici racconti provocanti e sconvolgenti compongono Tokyo Decadence, raccolta di racconti di Ryū Murakami pubblicata in Italia nel 2008. Il titolo originale è Topazu (トパーズ) , il quale si ricollega anche al primo racconto e al film omonimo, scritto e diretto dall'autore.
Protagoniste sono giovani donne - accompagnatrici, prostitute e dominatrici - alla ricerca della propria identità attraverso morbose e deleterie relazioni. La violenza non si ritrova solo nei rapporti sessuali con i clienti, ma è presente anche nelle relazioni interpersonali, sentimentali e familiari. . Sono ragazze sole e sopraffatte dalla vita in una grande metropoli in continuo e inesorabile sviluppo.
Tokyo Decadence è anche il resoconto del Giappone tra gli anni '80 e '90 dove la ricchezza ha schiacciato la dignità e l'orgoglio nell'animo umano, portandolo al masochismo e alla costante ricerca di emozioni estreme.
La scrittura è caratterizzata da uno stile scarno e asettico, quasi a voler veicolare l'incomunicabilità e la freddezza che contraddistinguono le relazioni dei personaggi presenti nel libro. Grande spazio viene lasciato ai pensieri e all'introspezione psicologica delle protagoniste che condividono con noi ansie, paure e desideri.
« Sono tornata a casa e per prima cosa ho tirato fuori la rivista che mi aveva regalato quell'uomo pallido. Ho ritagliato una foto dell'artista e l'ho attaccata alla parete dicendo "Ti amo". Ho baciato la piccola foto e mi sono sentita molto bene, come innamorata di una bambola. Ho telefonato a un'amica del liceo per dirle che avevo sentito la voce dell'artista, poi ho fissato l'anello col topazio per quasi un'ora. »
È stato il mio primo approccio all'autore e, nonostante mi aspettassi qualcosina in più, sono rimasta lo stesso colpita dai racconti. Non sono una grande amante delle raccolte di racconti perché è sempre un terno al lotto: alcuni sono fenomenali, altri dimenticabili. Per Tokyo Decadence è stato lo stesso. I miei racconti preferiti: Topazio, Donna dal naso storto, Penlight.
Se vuoi tenerti aggiornato sulle mie letture e recensioni...
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« Mi piace il dolore di queste macchie rosse. Vanno a sovrapporsi ai segni dei fuochi artificiali sulla veranda della mia casa in campagna. Sono un simbolo di felicità. »
3,5/5
Dodici racconti provocanti e sconvolgenti compongono Tokyo Decadence, raccolta di racconti di Ryū Murakami pubblicata in Italia nel 2008. Il titolo originale è Topazu (トパーズ) , il quale si ricollega anche al primo racconto e al film omonimo, scritto e diretto dall'autore.
Protagoniste sono giovani donne - accompagnatrici, prostitute e dominatrici - alla ricerca della propria identità attraverso morbose e deleterie relazioni. La violenza non si ritrova solo nei rapporti sessuali con i clienti, ma è presente anche nelle relazioni interpersonali, sentimentali e familiari. . Sono ragazze sole e sopraffatte dalla vita in una grande metropoli in continuo e inesorabile sviluppo.
Tokyo Decadence è anche il resoconto del Giappone tra gli anni '80 e '90 dove la ricchezza ha schiacciato la dignità e l'orgoglio nell'animo umano, portandolo al masochismo e alla costante ricerca di emozioni estreme.
La scrittura è caratterizzata da uno stile scarno e asettico, quasi a voler veicolare l'incomunicabilità e la freddezza che contraddistinguono le relazioni dei personaggi presenti nel libro. Grande spazio viene lasciato ai pensieri e all'introspezione psicologica delle protagoniste che condividono con noi ansie, paure e desideri.
« Sono tornata a casa e per prima cosa ho tirato fuori la rivista che mi aveva regalato quell'uomo pallido. Ho ritagliato una foto dell'artista e l'ho attaccata alla parete dicendo "Ti amo". Ho baciato la piccola foto e mi sono sentita molto bene, come innamorata di una bambola. Ho telefonato a un'amica del liceo per dirle che avevo sentito la voce dell'artista, poi ho fissato l'anello col topazio per quasi un'ora. »
È stato il mio primo approccio all'autore e, nonostante mi aspettassi qualcosina in più, sono rimasta lo stesso colpita dai racconti. Non sono una grande amante delle raccolte di racconti perché è sempre un terno al lotto: alcuni sono fenomenali, altri dimenticabili. Per Tokyo Decadence è stato lo stesso. I miei racconti preferiti: Topazio, Donna dal naso storto, Penlight.
August 20, 2020
Открываешь очередного Рю Мураками, а на самом деле глубоко внутри хочешь, чтобы тебе не понравилось: его тексты слишком грязные, откровенно порнографичные, отталкивающе девиантные. Но себя не обманешь. Этот чёрт словно берет тебя за руку и ведет к самому раскаленному котлу, приговаривая что-то в духе: “Ой, да кого ты пытаешься наебать? Своего внутреннего кальвиниста? Я же вижу, что ты в восторге.” Редкий автор может вытащить своего читателя на подобный разговор, уважаю.
Токийский декаданс — это сборник бескомпромиссных, циничных рассказов, написанных в лаконичном, рубленом стиле, что создает ощущение, будто тексты напрочь лишены эмпатии. Местами практически хоррор. Да, это эпатаж ради эпатажа, но все равно впечатляет — Мураками довольно, гм, своеобразно рассуждает об одиночестве в большом городе. Рассказы объединены сеттингом, их завязки очень похожи и в какой-то момент все истории будто сливаются в единый липкий бэд трип. Когда это заканчивается — облегченно выдыхаешь. Сильные эмоции не обязаны быть исключительно светлыми.
Токийский декаданс — это сборник бескомпромиссных, циничных рассказов, написанных в лаконичном, рубленом стиле, что создает ощущение, будто тексты напрочь лишены эмпатии. Местами практически хоррор. Да, это эпатаж ради эпатажа, но все равно впечатляет — Мураками довольно, гм, своеобразно рассуждает об одиночестве в большом городе. Рассказы объединены сеттингом, их завязки очень похожи и в какой-то момент все истории будто сливаются в единый липкий бэд трип. Когда это заканчивается — облегченно выдыхаешь. Сильные эмоции не обязаны быть исключительно светлыми.
June 23, 2019
This really was not my type of book. Some of the stories have insightful thoughts, but overall I didn't really like the writing style.
December 22, 2025
2.5*
O carte cu povești întunecate din viața unor oameni care nu sunt fericiți( dacă putem numi fericirea) sau împliniți - oameni cu vicii, oameni apăsați de viață, oameni pierduți. Unele povești le-am simțit goale, neterminate sau incomplete, iar pe altele le-am văzut ca pe o imagine apăsătoare despre care vrei sa citești o dată. Per total, toate poveștile sunt lipsite de lumină. Ceea ce susține partea constantă a cărții. Mi-a plăcut și faptul că există legături între povești - personajele au interacționat unele cu altele la un moment dat.
Nota se datorează faptului că fiecare poveste a primit o notă. Și apoi am făcut o medie. Au fost povești care nu mi-au transmis nimic, altele mai puțin și doua-trei povești mai mult. Nota mică nu se datorează întunericului din poveste, ci mai mult din cauza structurii poveștii, a numărului alocat de cuvinte unui fir narativ care spre final nu m-a lăsat cu prea multe gânduri despre.
O carte cu povești întunecate din viața unor oameni care nu sunt fericiți( dacă putem numi fericirea) sau împliniți - oameni cu vicii, oameni apăsați de viață, oameni pierduți. Unele povești le-am simțit goale, neterminate sau incomplete, iar pe altele le-am văzut ca pe o imagine apăsătoare despre care vrei sa citești o dată. Per total, toate poveștile sunt lipsite de lumină. Ceea ce susține partea constantă a cărții. Mi-a plăcut și faptul că există legături între povești - personajele au interacționat unele cu altele la un moment dat.
Nota se datorează faptului că fiecare poveste a primit o notă. Și apoi am făcut o medie. Au fost povești care nu mi-au transmis nimic, altele mai puțin și doua-trei povești mai mult. Nota mică nu se datorează întunericului din poveste, ci mai mult din cauza structurii poveștii, a numărului alocat de cuvinte unui fir narativ care spre final nu m-a lăsat cu prea multe gânduri despre.
May 11, 2023
Es difícil expresar en palabras lo que este libro me hizo sentir, porque aún no logro descifrarlo bien.
Decadencia de Tokio es un conjunto de cuentos que están agrupados según los periodos de tiempos en que fueron escritos. A grandes rasgos, el autor se dedica a narrar el "lado b" de Japón pero yo creo que más bien es el "lado b" de la sociedad en general. Relaciones conformistas, perversiones sexuales, abuso psicológico, obsesiones y desvíos son los tópicos que trata el autor a lo largo del libro.
Algo que me gustó mucho fue la conexión de ciertos cuentos entre sí, generaba un fenómeno doble interesante porque la continuación de los personajes en otros cuentos te permitía tener un hilo conductor de una historia más grande, pero a la vez, cada cuento subsiste por si sólo sin la necesidad de los otros para existir.
La lectura de esta obra es algo absolutamente nuevo para mí, por lo que seguramente tendré una opinión más formada cuando lea otros títulos del autor.
Decadencia de Tokio es un conjunto de cuentos que están agrupados según los periodos de tiempos en que fueron escritos. A grandes rasgos, el autor se dedica a narrar el "lado b" de Japón pero yo creo que más bien es el "lado b" de la sociedad en general. Relaciones conformistas, perversiones sexuales, abuso psicológico, obsesiones y desvíos son los tópicos que trata el autor a lo largo del libro.
Algo que me gustó mucho fue la conexión de ciertos cuentos entre sí, generaba un fenómeno doble interesante porque la continuación de los personajes en otros cuentos te permitía tener un hilo conductor de una historia más grande, pero a la vez, cada cuento subsiste por si sólo sin la necesidad de los otros para existir.
La lectura de esta obra es algo absolutamente nuevo para mí, por lo que seguramente tendré una opinión más formada cuando lea otros títulos del autor.
May 1, 2025
15 short stories written by the chaotic Ryu Murakami.
You know what to expect, right? Wild sex, violence, disillusionment, dizziness. Or maybe don’t expect anything at all—just let yourself be surprised by lies, twists, crimes, hookers, drugs, trauma.
A married man asks his mistress for a favor—a request that leads to more favors involving other characters. A truck driver discovers he’s gay. A hooker reflects on her life and the small things she’s gotten out of it. The most shocking story, with a hint of the paranormal: someone witnesses a woman being raped while also being cut alive. A younger man falls in love with an older, married woman, but their relationship falls apart because of her drug use. Three stories connected to Cuban dance and music.
These aren’t all the stories in the book, just the ones I enjoyed most. I can’t say I was surprised by the author’s style—I'm used to it. I know everything’s going to be messed up when it comes to Ryu Murakami. Still, I somehow wanted and expected more. I didn’t know it was a short story collection; I was expecting a single narrative. Of course, my main issue is that just when I get involved in a story, it ends. It’s a good book—enjoyable in the moment—but I was left wanting more.
You know what to expect, right? Wild sex, violence, disillusionment, dizziness. Or maybe don’t expect anything at all—just let yourself be surprised by lies, twists, crimes, hookers, drugs, trauma.
A married man asks his mistress for a favor—a request that leads to more favors involving other characters. A truck driver discovers he’s gay. A hooker reflects on her life and the small things she’s gotten out of it. The most shocking story, with a hint of the paranormal: someone witnesses a woman being raped while also being cut alive. A younger man falls in love with an older, married woman, but their relationship falls apart because of her drug use. Three stories connected to Cuban dance and music.
These aren’t all the stories in the book, just the ones I enjoyed most. I can’t say I was surprised by the author’s style—I'm used to it. I know everything’s going to be messed up when it comes to Ryu Murakami. Still, I somehow wanted and expected more. I didn’t know it was a short story collection; I was expecting a single narrative. Of course, my main issue is that just when I get involved in a story, it ends. It’s a good book—enjoyable in the moment—but I was left wanting more.
May 18, 2023
Al ser una colección de cuentos dividida y bien marcada en cuanto a pertenencias por épocas hace que – si bien hay temas eje que embadurnan todo (la prostitución, la brutalidad, lo grotesco, las drogas, la música etc.) -el modo en que son narrados varia entre cada sección (que están ordenadas cronológicamente) por ende, cada subdivisión tiende a tener cierta estética similar con su par. Hecho que se acrecienta entre los cuatro últimos cuentos donde tres de ellos están interconectados.
Aun cuando creo hay un cuento en particular “Linterna” que al adentrarse un poco en lo sobrenatural, y de lleno en lo más grotesco del libro, opaca los demás relatos que están bien pero no lo alcanzan en cuanto a robustez, hay algunos que igual son buenos como “Soy un novelista” o ejercicios piolas como “Siempre que me siento a beber en un bar como ahora” pero no sé. En su totalidad creo que si consigue entregar un estado de ánimo, no obstante, no sé si tengo una opinión de ribetes definidos y tampoco sé si es que debería.
Algo que si me hizo ruido fueron la inclusión de traducciones un tanto más locales como "andate a la chucha" o parecidos, que sonaban extraño dentro de lo ajeno que es en la localidad del libro. Es como insertar un codigo de lenguaje que no cuaja bien, encuentro.
Aun cuando creo hay un cuento en particular “Linterna” que al adentrarse un poco en lo sobrenatural, y de lleno en lo más grotesco del libro, opaca los demás relatos que están bien pero no lo alcanzan en cuanto a robustez, hay algunos que igual son buenos como “Soy un novelista” o ejercicios piolas como “Siempre que me siento a beber en un bar como ahora” pero no sé. En su totalidad creo que si consigue entregar un estado de ánimo, no obstante, no sé si tengo una opinión de ribetes definidos y tampoco sé si es que debería.
Algo que si me hizo ruido fueron la inclusión de traducciones un tanto más locales como "andate a la chucha" o parecidos, que sonaban extraño dentro de lo ajeno que es en la localidad del libro. Es como insertar un codigo de lenguaje que no cuaja bien, encuentro.
May 16, 2025
Tantas cositas buenas que quiero decir de esta maravillosa compilación. Primero partir por la edición que es bellísima y la traducción muy buena, aunque me gustaría que se mantuviesen más conceptos en el idioma original con notas al pie, entiendo que para apuntar a un público más masivo se tienen que hacer simplificaciones.
El orden de las historias dejan ver en claro la evolución de la narrativa del autor y eso es magnífico, si bien siempre hay cosas transversales, es notorio como los elementos de la sociedad y la ciudad misma son más importantes en la primera mitad y al final empieza a transitar más profundo en la mente de los personajes.
Valoro demasiado la búsqueda de retratar la marginalidad (dentro del contexto japonés), como son el fracaso profesional, prostitución, parafilias, crimen, drogadicción, entre otras.
En fin, quisiera desenvolverme más, sólo extender la recomendación a leerlo.
El orden de las historias dejan ver en claro la evolución de la narrativa del autor y eso es magnífico, si bien siempre hay cosas transversales, es notorio como los elementos de la sociedad y la ciudad misma son más importantes en la primera mitad y al final empieza a transitar más profundo en la mente de los personajes.
Valoro demasiado la búsqueda de retratar la marginalidad (dentro del contexto japonés), como son el fracaso profesional, prostitución, parafilias, crimen, drogadicción, entre otras.
En fin, quisiera desenvolverme más, sólo extender la recomendación a leerlo.
May 12, 2022
My first Ryu Murakami. I liked these stories way way better than I expected. The titles & cover art on his books always made me think they'd be corny heavy-handed bdsm erotica going for cool shock value or something like that: "a twisted tour through the dark underbelly blah blah subculture blah blah". But they were all just different good stories with a lot of personable individuals, gentle humor & spacious empathy. I like how maybe the biggest sack of shit in the book is a repeat character who appears to have a lot in common with the author.
April 7, 2024
If Chuck Palahniuk had lived & worked in Tokyo, he would have published something similar to Tokyo Decadence at some point.
Despite the resemblance, Ryu Murakami is a master of his own, using a blend between a sharp, articulate style and baroque delicacy. Cinematic and atypical stories, barefaced, cynic, yet sensitive, very good dialogues and sometimes a surprising ending which keeps you logged on to the story long after it ended.
I especially enjoyed The Wild Angels.
Despite the resemblance, Ryu Murakami is a master of his own, using a blend between a sharp, articulate style and baroque delicacy. Cinematic and atypical stories, barefaced, cynic, yet sensitive, very good dialogues and sometimes a surprising ending which keeps you logged on to the story long after it ended.
I especially enjoyed The Wild Angels.
December 29, 2019
At times cheesy and babyish; at times shocking and childish. But there's something terrifically appealing about his style of storytelling -- you always want to keep reading, no matter how shocking things get.
A nice collection that spans his career all the way back to the 80s. I enjoyed this a lot.
A nice collection that spans his career all the way back to the 80s. I enjoyed this a lot.
February 19, 2025
jesus this fella loves the hiroshima carps. pretty sure they were mentioned in every single story. go carps i guess.
December 22, 2023
What a ride this collection was. I read these 15 stories over a period of 16 months. I reread some of them during this time and thought about them often. Ryu Murakami is one of my favorite authors and every time I read his words, they resonate deeply. He has an amazing ability to make deep insights into human nature and speak them in simple phrases from the mouths of regular working-class characters.
I have to give credit to the translator, Ralph McCarthy. Japanese as a language is heavy with subtext (or at least it feels that way to me as a non-native speaker). So I'm in awe of McCarthy's ability to capture the essence of Ryu Murakami in the prose. This translation could have easily become lifeless while making the transition to English, so kudos to him for his work bringing these stories to life.
I'm at a bit of a loss for what to say regarding these stories, while simultaneously restraining myself from writing at length on every single one of them. It was interesting how Murakami often introduced characters in a story who would become the narrator in a future story. Many of these stories are connected, sometimes by the main characters and others simply by the existence of Takahashi the baseball player.
Murakami is one of the most skilled character writers I've read, whether the perspective is young or old, male or female, businessman or university dropout. The descriptions were always deeply embedded in the character's perspective. Take this description from the perspective of a restaurant worker: "Crying customers are rare but not unheard of. Usually it’s because their partner is breaking up with them over dinner. Do people think if they do this at an expensive restaurant it’ll somehow make it less painful? Or is it just about choosing somewhere fancy for the grand finale? Sometimes it’s the man who’s crying and sometimes it’s the woman, but only women keep eating while they weep; a man won’t even touch his soup. It's an observation that makes perfect sense coming from a waitperson, but is also way heavier than you would expect during the establishing shots of a story. It's an amazing way to set the tone of the story while also introducing the character and I think it's rare for an author to provide so many sharp observations from average characters in 'common' occupations.
I must be a bit of a cynic, because when I enjoy an author's work this much, I get scared to read more of it. After reading a great story, I would put the collection down for a while, thinking that I better not risk the letdown of trying the next one too quickly. Surely there's a bad one just waiting to rear its head. But no, this entire collection was amazing. I can't say Ryu Murakami is for everyone, but I would recommend everyone to dabble in at least a couple of his shorter works to find out.
I have to give credit to the translator, Ralph McCarthy. Japanese as a language is heavy with subtext (or at least it feels that way to me as a non-native speaker). So I'm in awe of McCarthy's ability to capture the essence of Ryu Murakami in the prose. This translation could have easily become lifeless while making the transition to English, so kudos to him for his work bringing these stories to life.
I'm at a bit of a loss for what to say regarding these stories, while simultaneously restraining myself from writing at length on every single one of them. It was interesting how Murakami often introduced characters in a story who would become the narrator in a future story. Many of these stories are connected, sometimes by the main characters and others simply by the existence of Takahashi the baseball player.
Murakami is one of the most skilled character writers I've read, whether the perspective is young or old, male or female, businessman or university dropout. The descriptions were always deeply embedded in the character's perspective. Take this description from the perspective of a restaurant worker: "Crying customers are rare but not unheard of. Usually it’s because their partner is breaking up with them over dinner. Do people think if they do this at an expensive restaurant it’ll somehow make it less painful? Or is it just about choosing somewhere fancy for the grand finale? Sometimes it’s the man who’s crying and sometimes it’s the woman, but only women keep eating while they weep; a man won’t even touch his soup. It's an observation that makes perfect sense coming from a waitperson, but is also way heavier than you would expect during the establishing shots of a story. It's an amazing way to set the tone of the story while also introducing the character and I think it's rare for an author to provide so many sharp observations from average characters in 'common' occupations.
I must be a bit of a cynic, because when I enjoy an author's work this much, I get scared to read more of it. After reading a great story, I would put the collection down for a while, thinking that I better not risk the letdown of trying the next one too quickly. Surely there's a bad one just waiting to rear its head. But no, this entire collection was amazing. I can't say Ryu Murakami is for everyone, but I would recommend everyone to dabble in at least a couple of his shorter works to find out.
July 29, 2024
Ermmm I think readers who want to try reading from Ryu Murakami can skip this collection. Some stories are truly disturbing but you'd still enjoy them (at least) and some are probably...uninspired? Perhaps? I didn't finish this when I only have two short stories left because the framing device used to connect each one of them can turn bland pretty quickly. I think this would have been much better when trimmed down to 9 stories but that's just me!
I would still read his full length novels though! Tokyo Decadence started off pretty okay and ramped up in a nice way in the middle and fell flat in the last stories. Short story collections are a mixed bag anyway so I get it! I just wished this was trimmed down to have a satisfying conclusion.
I would still read his full length novels though! Tokyo Decadence started off pretty okay and ramped up in a nice way in the middle and fell flat in the last stories. Short story collections are a mixed bag anyway so I get it! I just wished this was trimmed down to have a satisfying conclusion.
March 25, 2012
Chissà come mai i giapponesi scrivono così spesso di sesso. Scelta commerciale o è proprio un modo diverso di viverlo? Entrambe le cose, penso.
Eppure alcune di questi racconti mi sembrano tanto storie d'amore.
Mi sono piaciute le donne rappresentate in queste pagine.
Eppure alcune di questi racconti mi sembrano tanto storie d'amore.
Mi sono piaciute le donne rappresentate in queste pagine.
August 24, 2020
Una raccolta che nel complesso mi é piaciuta, anche se avevo aspettative leggermente più alte. Ho apprezzato in particolare“Penlight”.
June 27, 2023
Me es difícil expresar exactamente mis sentimientos con este libro, porque se siente como un electrocardiograma de emociones, lleno de altos y bajos, pero no en cuanto a la «calidad» de los cuentos, sino en su rango de crudeza.
Esta colección contiene algunos de los cuentos más obscenos y gore que he leído, así como otros con tienes dulces y esperanzadores. Si bien predominan los primeros, no deja de sorprender la amplitud de su variedad.
Leer historias que muestran lo más crudo de la humanidad y la sociedad --en este caso, la japonesa--, es un ejercicio interesante. Por un lado, se podría decir que no es beneficioso leer este tipo de obras, ya que no te provoca una sensación muy agradable durante su lectura. Sin embargo, pienso que este tipo de lecturas son necesarias --los libros son para experimentar vidas y momentos que, bien resuenan con el lector, o le son ajenas, siendo este último el caso de este tipo de literatura. La vida es limitada, y no creo que exista un parámetro objetivo para determinar si existen sentimientos o emociones más válidas que otras, por lo que cada experiencia tiene cierto valor; así, la literatura se presenta como una gran oportunidad para vivir más de una vida.
Durante esta lectura me sentí disgustado, asqueado y triste la mayor parte del tiempo, pero también fascinado, por estar experimentando una vida totalmente ajena a la mía; una vida que no estoy dispuesto a experimentar en propia carne, pero que por medio de la tinta y la descodificación de símbolos en mi mente, logro aproximarme de formas imposibles en otros medios. Amo la literatura.
Esta colección contiene algunos de los cuentos más obscenos y gore que he leído, así como otros con tienes dulces y esperanzadores. Si bien predominan los primeros, no deja de sorprender la amplitud de su variedad.
Leer historias que muestran lo más crudo de la humanidad y la sociedad --en este caso, la japonesa--, es un ejercicio interesante. Por un lado, se podría decir que no es beneficioso leer este tipo de obras, ya que no te provoca una sensación muy agradable durante su lectura. Sin embargo, pienso que este tipo de lecturas son necesarias --los libros son para experimentar vidas y momentos que, bien resuenan con el lector, o le son ajenas, siendo este último el caso de este tipo de literatura. La vida es limitada, y no creo que exista un parámetro objetivo para determinar si existen sentimientos o emociones más válidas que otras, por lo que cada experiencia tiene cierto valor; así, la literatura se presenta como una gran oportunidad para vivir más de una vida.
Durante esta lectura me sentí disgustado, asqueado y triste la mayor parte del tiempo, pero también fascinado, por estar experimentando una vida totalmente ajena a la mía; una vida que no estoy dispuesto a experimentar en propia carne, pero que por medio de la tinta y la descodificación de símbolos en mi mente, logro aproximarme de formas imposibles en otros medios. Amo la literatura.
March 22, 2024
(L'édition lue en français ne fait que 83 pages, merci GR de ne plus laisser les gens ajouter eux-même les éditions manquantes. 🙄)
4 histoires courtes, par le maître du weird et sale.
C'est effectivement très sale, et comme à son habitude, Murakami ne mâche pas ses mots, tout y est cru et déprimant.
Les 4 histoires sont toutes au même niveau selon moi, avec les thèmes de prédilection de Murakami; protagoniste féminin, beaucoup de sexe, d'abus, d'absurde et une fin qui n'en est pas vraiment une.
Ça faisait longtemps que je n'avais pas lu de livre de cet auteur, et il est temps que je reprenne sa bibliographie.
4 histoires courtes, par le maître du weird et sale.
C'est effectivement très sale, et comme à son habitude, Murakami ne mâche pas ses mots, tout y est cru et déprimant.
Les 4 histoires sont toutes au même niveau selon moi, avec les thèmes de prédilection de Murakami; protagoniste féminin, beaucoup de sexe, d'abus, d'absurde et une fin qui n'en est pas vraiment une.
Ça faisait longtemps que je n'avais pas lu de livre de cet auteur, et il est temps que je reprenne sa bibliographie.
February 11, 2024
Primer acercamiento a Murakami y tuve opiniones encontradas.
No es mi estilo de escritura, pero es innegable que tiene talento, sobre todo por como entrelaza las historias mediante diferentes perspectivas o líneas temporales.
Me pareció osada y curiosa la elección a una traducción con chilenismos, que por cierto hace más pasajera la lectura, pero que no se si me convenció del todo; aún así, resulta un apartado único que le da carácter al texto.
Por último, voy a aclarar que bajo mi perspectiva algunos cuentos son TREMENDAMENTE superiores a otros, que incluso pasan desapercibidos.
No es mi estilo de escritura, pero es innegable que tiene talento, sobre todo por como entrelaza las historias mediante diferentes perspectivas o líneas temporales.
Me pareció osada y curiosa la elección a una traducción con chilenismos, que por cierto hace más pasajera la lectura, pero que no se si me convenció del todo; aún así, resulta un apartado único que le da carácter al texto.
Por último, voy a aclarar que bajo mi perspectiva algunos cuentos son TREMENDAMENTE superiores a otros, que incluso pasan desapercibidos.
January 26, 2024
Disfrute cada uno de los cuentos, algunos más que otros; realmente siento que podría hallarme en el mismo lugar que los protagonistas, cada uno con su complejidad y realidad palpable. Creo el uso de barrios o pueblos donde viven o provienen los personajes aporta mucho a la caracterización de estos pero al ser chileno no aporta niuna wea xk no tengo idea donde quedan esos lugares.
me gustó, recomendaría algunos textos sueltos. doble unas páginas iwal.
me gustó, recomendaría algunos textos sueltos. doble unas páginas iwal.
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