In light of Richard Zenith’s tremendous effort to diligently curate the Portuguese and the World literature great, Fernando Pessoa, the leaves of a life lived illuminate and dazzle in its remarkably kaleidoscopic view. Among its early pages lies a conscious differentiation from his heteronymous writings and not the pseudonymous ones.
It is pertinent that the book opens with all the references to the heteronyms and the amusing argument that Pessoa was the only author to have these many alter egos. It would be an interesting tangent to explore others who may come near, or practice similar writing. As such, the history of literature has "some faint parallels to his performance of multiple authorship" like Yeats, and the Spanish Antonio Machado.
What is unique is the point of view that as Pessoa left behind a treasure trove, in the wooden trunk, these persons / ‘pessoas' are waking up from an apparently deliberate slumber now... and what a life do their voices invest in their unassuming master.
Pessoa claimed that he was just a medium, a “literary executor" who rendered a "phenomenon of splintered authorship", manifesting "a kind of a literary Pompeii" with untold number of curious ideas... unpublished, or yet to be translated in the tongues and sentiments of the world.
Zenith takes all the space and time to let it grow upon the reader how no other posthumous publication :: “expresses with uncanny precision our unuttered feelings of disquiet and existential unsettledness”, just as willingly does he share Pessoa's politics: because of his exploring multiple views, and solidarity with the 'human race'.
It should be understood gradually that a biography of a poet, and that of the poetic calibre of Pessoa is no easy feat, for despite the unearthing of his life’s work, “we know almost nothing about the man. Therein lies the allegory. He left instead , a plethora of dramatic characters" -- as if to extinguish his, or melt his ‘pessoa’ into something bigger. The writer threads this biography with a unique element because, for Zenith, it's a biography of Pessoa's imagination -- which would actually be close to being the most capacious that one could imagine here.
In a particular way, this is also a biography of the city where Pessoa lived and wrote -- we see the post tsunami antiseismic architecture installed by the work of the Marquis de Pombal -- who worked in many areas for the rebuild of Lisbon.
Pessoa gives two accounts of how the heteronymic life began: and around 6 with uncle Cunha's fertile imagination helped -- with languages, a robust cultural activity, and affording a solitary time, to combine and narrate with words--his ever dependable companions. In Durban, and before, coming in contact with the English language, "new world of words opened up to him".
The Historical perspectives that are built because of the contexts that Pessoa's geographical movements cover, deliver for the reader a delightful participation in world history. e.g. the Boers, the Zulus, the Britons in Durban; and someone who’s neither South African nor British, witnessing nothing less consequential than the work that Gandhi is doing, is the eleven years old Fernando.
Pessoa's first serious poem, in English, is about deliberate 'feigning', revealing himself to be the quintessentially representative modernist -- in "making, and remaking reality".
His unfinished essays, such as 'Plausibility of All Philosophies' (one wonders if the unfinished work, that mostly is, is a deliberate conning of the presumed reality... challenging its unnuanced reductiveness, purported or proposed packaged quality of the classics and even the modern pieces of writing) makes one wonder: Is Pessos's work, in a sense, emblematically modernist or postmodernist.
Zenith's deliberations as a biographer attempt to contextualise history, arts, politics across the continents, which is why Gandhi, historical events and various references accommodate Pessoa’s emergence as a writer within the scenarios of these events.
What Zenith particularly remembers to highlight is “Pessoa's capacity to live so much of his mental and emotional life on an imagined and literary plane", resulting in him believing in his heteronyms more than the real people of the world.
Pessoa in the Symbolists' era, reading one of the early Zionists, Nordau's opus, 'Degeneration' shows interestingly his capacity to extract that which is valuable; e.g. Nordau's condemning of psychological deviances, or degeneracy is taken by Pessoa as a testament to some kind of genius (also in reference to Shelley) -- a kind of vindictiveness.
The role of the phase that ‘Degeneration’, ‘Decadence’, and disintegration plays at the turn of the century, allows Pessoa to depart from and construct something new, leading up to his exceptional work, ‘The Book of Disquiet.
What's interesting is that the influences upon Pessoa, would crystallize into his own original literary modernist style. That he would write in multilingual registers, that is, French, Portuguese (poetry to begin with) and English, as well at a time when Pessoa is witness to the decadence and the ‘fin de siecle’ literary output of the other modernists--only accelerates the advent of a global literary modernism of sorts.
That Pessoa, as a Modernist, is imagining his sensibility in relation to those of Wilde, Yeats, and also keeping a distance, reveals much about his vision of dealing with reality not always concretely but abstrusely, or literarily, even philosophically.
The Literary magazine, brought out with the help and impetus provided by Sa-Carneiro is a breath of respite, considering the seemingly never-ending intervals Pessoa would take with everything he began writing or dreamed of publishing.
Zenith achieves quite frequently in this work, a fundamental tendency to maintain Pessoa's sensibility while revealing about his heteronyms, where he is careful to keep the fine balance between explication and abstraction, a property Pessoa had clearly put to practice which would manifest throughout his extensive bibliography.
Over the due course of the unfolding of Pessoa's life, the reader gets aptly facilitated with information on the Modernist ideas and the myriad parallel movements mushrooming, while Pessoa is honing what's been evolving in his mind as ‘the poet extraordinaire'.
One of the highlights of this book is how the writer explores the conditions for the disquietude that Pessoa undergoes or initiates himself; whether it is regarding the problem of him publishing with a reluctance: to publish or not to publish becomes his question … or that he lacked self-discipline ... and feared a certain fame that would differentiate him from the space of the unpublished ... and make him 'more isolated'.
It is then understood how Pessoa harboured the capacity to see from different points of view, invoking the nation's (Portugal's) 'imperial destiny' and an "essentially pagan blood running through its self-asserting culture". And according to Zenith, Pessoa was not eventually interested in either 'swampism, intersectionism, or being avant-garde' ... but "yearned for … a new renaissance, to be spearheaded by Portugal".
The peculiarities with Pessoa have been given their due space; I would not have known about the 'astral world' of Pessoa, the chart making or the astrological predictions, ... And interestingly enough, Pessoa's astral world comes into effect not so much in his practical life as it does in the world of his (heteronymic) selves… Zenith does not eschew from providing a more balanced account, for Pessoa’s politics, his views on racism, slavery, colonialism, ... from Greek culture’s influences.
The expansive scope of the book allows to document or rather curate contemporary Portuguese modern greats and artists, like the modernist painter, Souza-Cardoso and their importance in Portuguese modernism.
While the European modernist contemporaries ie Pessoa, Proust, Joyce, Kafka, Borges, Pound and others reflect a period full of avant gardist tendencies, what this biography underlines aptly is the ever emerging ebb and flow of modernist conservative voices, styles and beliefs. Pessoa conveys it through his poetry, while others exhibit it in their arts:
"Everlasting remembrance, how briefly you endure!"
Pessoa's magazine projects, enlisted by Zenith, are shown in a brilliant perspective, that is, of building up to his failures, to concretely publish his writing.
Towards the end of his life, Pessoa also invested in fleshing out his heteronyms psychologically, and of all the people Pessoa would share the related insights of their characteristics with the French researcher, student, Pierre Hourcade.
For the concluding part, perhaps the literary legacy of Pessoa, which comes after his demise, is an area the writer could have spent some more words on. It is significant that someone who claims to be not himself, someone who emerges through his trunk and his writings, wordings or as a belief, needs to be contextualised and written on, in the light of his works coming out, emerging as if to be freeing himself as a being that truly belonged to writing, reflecting, and all the wait in between.