Who is Janet Yellen? Most know her as the former Chair of the Fed and current Treasury Secretary. Before taking on those roles, she was Ben Bernanke’s Vice Chair at the Fed, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors for Clinton, and a member of the Federal Reserve Board. No one else has served longer in senior economic advisory positions: not Bernanke, not Greenspan, not Larry Summers. She's the Grande Dame of economic policy and one of the greatest economists of her generation.
But this book is so much more than a biography of Yellen. It's a book about how economic thought has evolved and shaped policy over the last ~100 years. Hilsenrath decided that you can't understand Yellen and her contribution without some context. And he provides it.
Some of the key economic theories and debates reviewed:
Chapter 3 offers a brief history of the Great Depression, in particular its root causes and proposed solutions. It emphasizes how Keynes's thought, expressed in his magnum opus The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), reoriented economic thought by advocating for government intervention to manage demand, stimulate the economy, and combat unemployment. Keynes wrote the book on the way out of depressed equilibriums. His ideas laid the intellectual foundation of FDR’s New Deal as well modern fiscal policy.
Chapter 8 provides an overview of the origins of behavioral economics, which challenges traditional assumptions of rational actors and critiques the efficient market hypothesis. Central here is the work of Daniel Kahneman, Richard Thaler, and George Akerlof which altered the field (among certain economists) by accounting for psychological factors that affect decision-making.
Chapter 10 (as well as other places) explores the basic organizing structure and dual mandate of the Federal Reserve (the rule that requires the Fed to limit inflation and seek maximum employment). The book is, perhaps, at its best when discussing the Fed, likely owing to Hilsenrath’s expertise on the topic—his book on the Fed won a Pulitzer Prize.
Chapter 12 explains the strong evidence for the widespread consensus among economists on the benefits of international trade. The chapter revisits David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, which posits that countries benefit by specializing in the production of goods where they have a lower opportunity cost.
And so on.
It's a book for readers who want to understand both the intellectual landscape and practical challenges that define economic policymaking today.
There's lots to like about this book. Hilsenrath appropriately writes for the general audience, and presents economic ideas in an easy-to-digest format, alongside of the history of the people and events that gave birth to them. He also has a sense of good storytelling and what makes for surprising, interesting, or funny anecdotes. Yellen telling deadpan jokes while methodically, rhythmically reading carefully written scripts at Federal Reserve Board meetings; Greenspan’s sly comments on his intentional obfuscation and fear that he's being too clear. All of this is great fun and enjoyable to read.
Another other part I particularly enjoyed: the intellectual history of economics and connections between most of the economists you've ever heard of. George Akerlof, the Nobel prize-winning economist, is Janet Yellen's husband. Akerlof completed his dissertation at MIT under Robert Solow, at the same time Paul Samuelson taught there. Larry Summers, former Treasury Secretary and one-time President of Harvard, was Yellen's student. Ben Bernanke, Yellen’s predecessor at the Fed, did his dissertation under Stanley Fischer at MIT just 2 years after Paul Krugman. Fischer, former governor of the Bank of Israel, took over Yellen’s job as the Fed Board’s Vice Chair after she ascended the throne.
The book is not without its problems, of course. There are a number of incidents that are repeated, perhaps because Hilsenrath wanted to emphasize a point or because he intended chapters to be somewhat encapsulated (understandable outside of the context of the book as a whole). Either way, whenever I encounter a repetition, it felt like “Yeah, you said that already.”
Another issue: a substantial portion of the book veers off to provide accounts of various historical and contemporary economists. Some chapters feel like biographies of Yellen plus: plus Akerlof; Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler and behavioral economics; David Ricardo and the theory of comparative advantage; the Summers clan, etc. These are meant to add context and enrich Yellen's story, and I largely enjoyed them. But this structure means that significant space is devoted to topics not directly related to Yellen herself.
Yellen: The Trailblazing Economist Who Navigated an Era of Upheaval is both a portrait of one of the most influential economists of the last few decades and a report on the major economic crises of our time, including the Fed’s response of the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 induced global recession of 2020.
It's also a highly accessible account of the evolution of modern economic thought and its influence on policymaking. Hilsenrath’s intellectual history spans from Ricardo’s comparative advantage theory and Keynes’s General Theory to the modernization of trade theory and behavioral economics. He also includes a number of biographical sketches of some of history's most famous economists.
For those who come to the book looking for a focused account of Yellen herself and her work, the economic history and numerous biographical sketches of other economists could feel like a distraction.
Yellen blurs the boundaries between biography, intellectual history, and economic policy reporting, making this book an excellent read for anyone seeking to understand how economic ideas shape the world.