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Storia della filosofia #5

Felsefe Tarihi #5 - Aydınlanmadan Kant ve Hegel'e

Aydınlanma Çağı olarak tanımlanan, ama aslında birden fazla ruha sahip XVIII. yüzyılda, yalnızca geleneksel metafizik değil, insan zihni ile gerçeklik arasında tam bir tekabüliyet öngören anlayış da şiddetli bir eleştiriye tabi tutulur. Diderot, d’Alembert, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu gibi isimleri bir araya getirecek olan Ansiklopedi, bu eleştirel tutumun somut ifadesi olacaktır.

Bilgi teorisinde büyük çaplı bir dönüşüme yol açacak olan kişi ise Kant’tır: Yaptığı felsefi devrimle, düşüncenin merkezine bilinen nesne yerine bilen özneyi yerleştirir.

Kant ayrıca, XVIII ile XIX. yüzyıllar arasında bir köprü gibidir. Ancak bu köprü işlevi, kendisinden sonraki tüm felsefi tartışmayı koşullamasından ileri gelir. Nitekim neredeyse tüm XIX. yüzyıl felsefi tartışmaları, Kant’a cevap verme çabası olarak okunabilir.

Özellikle Fichte, Schelling ve Hegel’le anılan Alman idealizmini anlamak için gerekli referans noktalarından biri Fransız Devrimi ise, diğeri de Kant’tır. Ne var ki bu üç filozofu ortak bir modele indirgemek zordur. Fichte öznel ve etik bir idealizmi; Schelling estetik temelli; Hegel ise tin kavramına dayalı bir idealizmi temsil eder.

344 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2015

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About the author

Umberto Eco

912 books12.5k followers
Umberto Eco was an Italian medievalist, philosopher, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular 1980 novel The Name of the Rose, a historical mystery combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory, as well as Foucault's Pendulum, his 1988 novel which touches on similar themes.

Eco wrote prolifically throughout his life, with his output including children's books, translations from French and English, in addition to a twice-monthly newspaper column "La Bustina di Minerva" (Minerva's Matchbook) in the magazine L'Espresso beginning in 1985, with his last column (a critical appraisal of the Romantic paintings of Francesco Hayez) appearing 27 January 2016. At the time of his death, he was an Emeritus professor at the University of Bologna, where he taught for much of his life. In the 21st century, he has continued to gain recognition for his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism", where Eco lists fourteen general properties he believes comprise fascist ideologies.

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Profile Image for Antonio Papadourakis.
905 reviews35 followers
October 7, 2018
Μπέρκλεϊ, Βολταίρος, Ρουσώ, Καντ, Χέγκελ: οι κύριοι πνευματικοί σταθμοί αυτού του τόμου, που παρεμπιπτόντως σε ορισμένα κεφάλαια είναι πολύ δυσνόητος ( πχ Φίχτε και Σέλινγκ), πιθανώς στο πλαίσιο της συλλογικής συγγραφής του έργου.
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