money can still build cathedrals, send us to space, or cause someone to sacrifice what they thought were their most valued principles.
When the British Museum decided to tell the story of money’s origins it similarly turned to beer. 5 One of the oldest objects in its collection, alongside Swedish copper plate money and the giant stone money of the island of Yap, is a clay tablet from ancient Mesopotamia detailing the daily beer rations owed to workers. This description of a debt is now seen as one of humanity’s earliest records of money.
first money appears as an abstraction on the clay tablets too, just as modern money mostly remains on silicon chips.
scribes would list the prices of six important commodities: barley, dates, cuscuta (a type of herb), cardamom, sesame and wool. Each was given a price in terms of a fixed weight of silver – known as a shekel.
Many currency names – pound, peso and shekel – come from words originally used for a measure of weight. one kilogram of oranges weighs as much as one kilogram of lead.
Anatolia in modern Turkey. The metal was a means of keeping track of the size of the debt, just like a bar tab. 14 This unit of account was eventually given physical existence when the first coins were minted in the kingdom of Lydia, in Anatolia, where the famously rich Croesus ruled.
the value of the bronze-coloured metal plunged. So, to keep the two coins worth the same, the copper version had to get bigger and bigger. By 1644, Sweden had produced the largest coin ever in existence: a 20kg behemoth that was completely impractical for commerce.
It was a Latvia-born merchant and former burgher of Amsterdam calling himself Johan Palmstruch after a spell in jail for defaulting on his debts – who came up with the solution: a bank.
Today this is known as fractional reserve banking, a bank keeps reserves worth only a fraction of its liabilities. A bank does not actually have enough cash to repay all of the depositors their balance – it is effectively gambling that not everyone is going to ask for the ‘means of settlement’ all at the same time.
A bank makes a profit by ensuring it earns a higher rate of interest on its assets than it does on its liabilities. To do this, it does what is called ‘maturity transformation’. 20 In other words, they earn an income by moving money through time.