PART 1: TESTING AS VALIDITY EVIDENCE Introduction Language Testing Past and Present The Nature of Test Validity Before the Test Event After the Test Event PART 2: NEW FRAMEWORKS FOR DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING TESTS OF READING, LISTENING, SPEAKING AND WRITING Test Takers Context Validity in Action Theory Based Validity in Action Response Formats Scoring Validity in Action External Validity in Action PART 3: GENERATING VALIDITY EVIDENCE Research Methodologies for Exploring the Validity of a Test PART 4: FURTHER RESOURCES IN LANGUAGE TESTING Key Sources References Index