آشنایی با لایبنیتس

Philosophers in 90 Minutes

by Paul Strathern, فريدون فاطمی (Translator)

In Leibniz in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Leibniz's life and ideas, and explains their influence on man's struggle to understand his existence in the world. The book also includes selections from Leibniz's writings; a brief list of suggested reading for those who wish to push further; and chronologies that place Leibniz within his own age and in the broader scheme of philosophy.

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, Biography, History

64 pages

First published November 25, 2000

About the author

Paul Strathern (born 1940) is a English writer and academic. He was born in London, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin, after which he served in the Merchant Navy over a period of two years. He then lived on a Greek island. In 1966 he travelled overland to India and the Himalayas. His novel A Season in Abyssinia won a Somerset Maugham Award in 1972.

Besides five novels, he has also written numerous books on science, philosophy, history, literature, medicine and economics.

Reviews

[Maziyar Yf · Rating 3 out of 5]

گوتفرید ویلهلم فون لایب نیتس ریاضیدان ، فیزیک‌دان ، تاریخ دان ، حقوق دان و همین طور نخستین فیلسوف برجسته آلمانی بوده . استراترن در کتاب آشنایی با لایب نیتس کوشیده هم زندگی و هم آرای او را مختصر شرح دهد .
بر خلاف بیشتر کتاب های این مجموعه ، این بار استرترن توانسته میان شرح زندگی و اندیشه های لایب نیتس تعادل لازم را برقرار کند ، به همین گونه او توانسته دیدگاه های مختلف لایب نیتس را باانسجام و هماهنگی بیان کند ، نتیجه کار او کتاب ایست که دست کم سبب آشفتگی و پریشانی خواننده نمی شود .
لایب نیتس عقاید بسیار متنوعی داشته ، او تقریبا در هر زمینه ای اظهار نظری کرده که در زمانه خود بسیار قابل توجه بوده ، اما جالب ترین عقاید او را می توان تعریف موناد و نقش برجسته آن در هستی دانست .
او معتقد بود که واقعیت از تعداد بی نهایتی از مونادها تشکیل شده است. مونادها موجوداتی ساده، غیرقابل تقسیم و خودکفا هستند. آنها همچنین در هارمونی از پیش تعیین شده ای به هم متصل هستند، که به این معنی است که همه آنها با هم کار می کنند تا دنیایی را که ما تجربه می کنیم ایجاد کنند . لایبنیتس مونادها را به عنوان جوهرهای ساده تعریف کرد که هیچ اجزایی ندارند. آنها هیچ شکل، اندازه یا مکانی ندارند و نمی توان آنها را با هیچ حسی درک کرد. مونادها فقط از طریق اثراتشان شناخته می شوند .
مونادها به طور مداوم در حال تغییر هستند، اما این تغییرات به طور اساسی کیفی هستند، نه کمی. هر موناد یک توضیحات منحصر به فرد دارد که کیفیت کلی آن را تعیین می کند . لایبنیتس معتقد بود که مونادها اساس همه چیز هستند. آنها اساس ماده، روح و حتی خدا هستند .
مونادها مفهومی پیچیده و بحث برانگیز هستند. در حالی که برخی از فیلسوفان مونادها را یک نظریه غیرقابل دفاع می دانند اما برخی دیگر معتقدند که آنها یک نظریه خلاقانه و نوآورانه هستند .
در پایان استراترن فلسفه لایبنیتس را نظامی با زیبایی بسیار و در جنبه های اساسی خود با سادگی شگفت آور می داند ، او فلسفه لایبنیتس را در بسیاری از زمینه های مختلف، از جمله ریاضیات، فیزیک، علوم کامپیوتر و الهیات، تأثیرگذار و از آن مهمتر ، او لایبنیتس را آغاز کننده سلسله ای می داند که کانت ، هگل و شوپنهاور را در بر گرفته ، با نیچه و ویتگنشتاین ادامه پیدا کرده و سرانجام با هایدگر پایان می پذیرد .

[Bells · Rating 2 out of 5]

I really dislike these the only reason I keep reading them is because I bought a bunch of them all at once and I don’t like wasting

[Latif Joneydi · Rating 3 out of 5]

با لایبنیتس از راهِ دکتر پانگلوسِ "کاندیدِ" ولتر آشنا شده بودم و این درآمد با تمام طنز و بزرگنمایی هایی که داره تصویرِ شگفتی از این فیلسوفِ نامبُردار به دست میده. دانشمندی که میخواد همه چیز رو در یک کُلّّ قابلِ توضیح قرار بده و با فرمولیزه کردن تمامِ هستی، گرفتاری هایِ فهمِ زبان هایِ ناهمساز از بین بره. جامع الاطرافی و کنجکاوی اش برام تأمل برانگیز بود که البته امرِ همه گیری بوده در اون عصر. کتابِ گزیده و خوبی بود و هنوز هم طنز هایِ خُنکِ استراترن برام لذت بخش نیست.

[Kai Mustakoski · Rating 4 out of 5]

I am writing this "review" in order to remember the content better by making myself organize it into a text form. I have noticed long ago that reading/listening is not learning as such; I have to make myself to remember by creating certain kind of mind-map of any given philosopher and try to form as many connections in my head concerning their place in history, personality and theories in the bigger framework of all the theories there has been before and after. This helps me tremendously.

I consider myself having a really bad memory; then again, it just might be the story I'm telling myself.

This was the third time this year I went through this piece. I am very interested in the history of philosophical thought, and I would very much like to form a long lasting idea of all the prominent philosophers.

Before I was not at all interested in the lives of any philosopher, but now I have come to the conclusion that I must ground my memories of any given matter to the historical framework; thus, it makes it easier to actually understand when and why some ideas and theories came to be at certain periods in time. This in turn helps a great deal in remembering who said what and what were their main theories and contribution to philosophy


Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: 1646 - 1716 (A list of things I want to remember) (All the rest will be written were fast only in order to remind myself and make myself recall better).

He was a polymath, he invented many thing ahead of this time, e.g. calculating machine, same mathematical theories as Newton on his on and so on.

He lived during the 30 year war. The war ended when he was 3 and Germany was in ruins.

Leibniz lived harmonious life. Self-thought himself. Invented submarine outline and so on. Read decartes and hobbes and more. Avid student of alchemy. He was offered a professors post at the age of 20.

Wanted to crusade to Egypt.

He was not socially awkward,

invented binary arithmetic: 01010101010. He understood it would work well in machines.

Descartes was the newest framework: D rationalist; mechanistic view of the world

Leibniz disagreed, space and time do not exist. Mere perception. No absolute time.

Said have to copied ideas from Spinoza

Wanted to unite different churches for political reasons: unified europe

Monad theory, infinite number of monads, not affected by cause and effect. God had to create world that was not perfect because they had to be "rules" to the metaphysical world. Leibniz said that there is no material reality as such, monads beyond that, materiality a human perception.

Logic, aristotle he respected. Logic could be make universal with particular signs.

Monad, simple substance that make compounds: collection of monads. Monads are elements of things.
Simple substance; monad, cannot be made in nature, thus, only chance its place in compounds.

Reason: e.g. gravity, we know it is there by reason, but we do not know what or why it is caused, reason still suffices to work with gravity.

True infinite only exists in the absolute, there is always more things that one could count, but there is no infinite number or any other infinite quantity genuine wholes. Human perfection places ideas about the world on the absolute to make it appear finite.

Leibniz said that he had not all the answers right.

[Sabu Paul · Rating 3 out of 5]

I’m not big on philosophy. The only philosopher I’ve ever read is Bertrand Russell, and that was decades ago. At the library, I often pick up Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, skim a few pages, feel intimidated, and put it right back.
This, however, is a breezy, accessible book on philosophy. Interesting, and mercifully short enough to finish in under 90 minutes.

[Andrea Zuvich · Rating 5 out of 5]

I have to hand it to Paul Strathern for an excellent, succinct, series on philosophers. He picks out a great selection of highlights from a historical figure's life and work and presents them in a clear, enjoyable format. I look forward to the next one, probably Pascal.

[#DÏ4B7Ø Chinnamasta-Bhairav]

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To SEE a WORLD in a Grain of Sand,
And a HEAVEN in a Wild Flower,
Hold INFINITY in the palm of your hand
And ETERNITY in an Hour"
~ William Blake ~

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“Wisdom tells me I am nothing. Love tells me I am everything. And between the two my life flows.” Nisargadatta Maharaj

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Form is Emptiness; Emptiness is form.
Form is not different than Emptiness;
Emptiness is not different than form
~ Heart Sutra ~

Like the ocean and its waves,
inseparable yet distinct

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" I and The Father are one,
I am The Truth,
The Life and The Path.”

Like a river flowing from its source,
connected and continuous

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Thy kingdom come.
Let the reign of divine
Truth, Life, and Love
be established in me,
and rule out of me all sin;
and may Thy Word
enrich the affections of all mankind

A mighty oak tree standing firm against the storm,
As sunlight scatters the shadows of night
A river nourishing the land it flows through

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[Theo Milos · Rating 3 out of 5]

Leibniz was a German philosopher who had quite a unique view of the world. He worked in a library but during work, he proceeded to work on his thinking (philosophy could not finance his life). The German man was also modestly interested in Alchemy and hoped to one day get financially independent by creating gold from thin air. During this time this was normal to believe in. Hence, he is still regarded as a genius, who has been significant to the world.

He continued on the logic that Aristotle founded and created symbolical logic that based its arguments on Algebra. If A equals B and B equals C, then A must equal C. Binary numbers were central to his philosophy, and symbolic of the Christian idea of creation. Leibniz is seen as the founder of the binary system, which is used in modern technology and computer science. He believed in God, mostly because he is logically possible, simultaneously seeing the universe as mechanical with everything being decided leaving us no real choice. He saw two different forms of knowledge with one being logic (math) and the other being empirical reasoning (biology, physics, and psychology).

This is the thinking of determinism. Leibniz believed that everything, absolute everything, had a mind or something analogous to a mind. Additionally, he thought that in all things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them. These are called monads by Leibniz, which represent the world in some way, for instance: God, you, and next door's cat.

[Douglas · Rating 4 out of 5]

For a short introduction to a very complicated and esoteric philosopher, this book is incredibly insightful, clear, and often funny. I needed a short introduction to this little-known and hardly understood precursor to Kant, and I love both the style and the way that Strathern makes incredibly complicated and difficult concepts easy to grasp, or as easy as anything I've read on Leibniz. I think you just have to accept that Leibniz represents a transition between the medieval mind and the modern, and he takes the metaphysical for granted on a much larger scale than we would consider believable today. (To say that he would be a good evangelical Christian of today would be inaccurate, too, I think, but I don't think you can understand Leibniz without first accepting where his head was.) Given that, he's very much in line with DesCartes' rationalism and Newton's mechanistic universe, both of which feed into his theories and make modern philosophy possible. As Strathern himself praises, we could never have Kant, Hegel, Schopernhauer, Nietzsche, or even Wittgenstein if it weren't for Leibniz and his amazing mind. As the book advertises itself, it's an extremely quick and enjoyable read and will be useful if you're in the middle of a major philosophical read (I'm halfway through Kant now) and need some information. It is part of a series of similarly quick intros to different names in philosophy.

[Eugenio Gomez-acebo · Rating 4 out of 5]

Un resumen rápido de la vida y obra de Leibniz, el último gran pensador Europeo, el primero de los grandes filósofos alemanes, una fuerza intelectual irresistible que se adentró con éxito en las matemáticas (el cálculo diferencial e integral, el sistema binario), la lógica, la ingeniería, la teología, la filosofía, la química, la física, la diplomacia, la historia, el derecho (como juez), la geología... incluso la autoayuda a princesas.

Ya dijo Diderot que quizá no haya habido un hombre que haya leído tanto, estudiado tanto, meditado más y escrito más que Leibniz. El libro recorre esta vasta obra en 90 minutos de manera muy epidérmica, como no puede ser de otra manera. Algunos conceptos clave están más o menos explicados (como el de las mónadas, o el principio de identidad y contradicción, el principio de razón suficiente (una razón existe para todo), el de armonía preestablecida, el del mejor de los mundos posibles.

[Daniel Barquera · Rating 4 out of 5]

Esta serie de libro son un gran medio para empezar con los pensadores más destacados que se han adentrado al amor por la sabiduría. Lo más importante es todo el contexto histórico que se encuentra en el libro, ¿por qué? Es imprescindible entender el entorno en el que sus pensamientos se desarrollaban, así podemos desmenuzar todos sus escritos, hasta cierto punto con empatía. No es un libro perfecto, pero sin duda es un gran punto de partida.

[Amir · Rating 2 out of 5]

این مجموعه هنوز در حال شگفت‌زده کردن من هست با این حجم از یکدست نبودن. نمی‌فهمم واقعا چرا ناگهان باید نویسنده یه مجموعه کتاب درباره آشنایی با اندیشمندان ناگهانی تصمیم بگیره در این کتابش ارجاعات و فرازهای طنز داشته باشه؟ نه سوژه طنز رو ایجاب می‌کنه و نه منطق مجموعه. هنوز این مجموعه رو درک نکردم خط فکریش رو و احتمالا بخشی از اون مربوط به اینه که در طول سالیان مختلف نوشته شده و تلون مزاج نویسنده روی ساختار کتاب‌ها اثر گذاشته
.
راستی من اولین چاپ گتاب رو خوندم که به یه ویراستاری سنگین نیاز داره، حالا نمی‌دونم توی چاپ‌های بعدی مسایلش برطرف شده یا نه
.

[gaspar · Rating 4 out of 5]

Me gustó mucho el formato corto y preciso. Da una clara imagen de la vida de Leibniz y de los postulados más importantes de su filosofía, lógica, matemática, etc etc etc, con un tono liviano, hasta cómico, y digerible. Definitivamente quedé con ganas de más.

[Calvert Wallace · Rating 5 out of 5]

Enjoyed this one also.

[Kavinay · Rating 5 out of 5]

I had no idea about Leibniz recruiting multiple patrons to the point that his first sponsor, Hanover, effectively arrested him upon return from drumming up business.

[Guilherme Passos · Rating 5 out of 5]

Depois de ler sobre o Confúcio e me decepcionar muito, esse livro foi um presente.

Leibniz era um procrastinador profissional, se engajando em novas funções e projetos e não terminando a grande maioria deles. Às vezes ficava por dias vidrado em alguma coisa, inclusive deixando de dormir, aí do nada desistia. Teve vários empregos, chegando a trabalhar para cinco cortes ao mesmo tempo, mas em nenhuma se dedicava como deveria se dedicar e enchia os nobres de ideias e sugestões, ao ponto de ser mandado embora por causa disso em uma delas.

Nessas procrastinações ele inventou o Cálculo (alheio a Newton, que também fez o mesmo só que com uma abordagem diferente), o cálculo de números binários, uma máquina de calcular, uma filosofia original, iniciou um sistema de simbolismo lógico para a filosofia, inúmeras máquinas e projetos de engenharia, além de várias outras coisas que provavelmente lidava como um hobbie. Muitos trabalhos teve que abandonar para procurar empregos, outros para não ir contra a Igreja e tudo o que abandonava guardava em um baú. No fim de sua vida foi reconhecido como uma pessoa distraída, que fazia várias coisas ao mesmo tempo, nunca falando mal de ninguém e nunca se decepcionando com a vida.

Esse livro trata muito bem da biografia e de seu pensamento em pouquíssimas páginas, merece muito ser lido.

[Adam K. · Rating 4 out of 5]

Does exactly what it says on the tin: swift and engaging introduction to Leibniz's life and main contributions (mainly Calculus and Monad theory). I would say it a very good place to start though maybe a bit more detail here and there would have been welcome. Nevertheless, I enjoyed the tone of the narrative so I would recommend it.

[Elia · Rating 1 out of 5]

I know very little of the philosopher and this book managed to give me a biased review of this philosophy. It did not add to my knowledge and was not constructed successfully as no statement is directly referenced except for a 10 book list of recommended reading. Waste of money and time.

[Carl Marcus · Rating 3 out of 5]

not bad

Not a bad, quick overview, but might benefit from more detail. It would have been nice to have more on his philosophies.

[Billy Sheppard · Rating 3 out of 5]

Stranger. is always worth reading as an appetizer for deeper study.