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The son of a barrister, Basil Williams was educated at Marlborough College and at New College, Oxford, where he read classics. After military service and a number of administrative positions in South Africa, he served as Kingsford Professor of History at McGill University in 1921, and then professor of History at Edinburgh University from 1925 to 1937 when he retired. In 1935 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy.