Textile dyes have been recorded in the earliest history of mankind and until the middle of the 19th century were derived from necessity, by various means, from naturally occurring plant and other organic material. The discovery that an infinite range of dyes and pigments could be derived from a chemical compound that could be isolated from so unlikely a source as coal-tar was an incredible intellectual leap of the imagination. This in turn gave rise to the whole of organic chemistry. This booklet discusses the Victorian industrialization of dyeing techniques, and the origins of the full commercial dye industry.