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India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200

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This carefully crafted study presents the fascinating story of the development and establishment of India’s culture and civilization from early pre-history through to the early second millennium. Encompassing topics such as the Harappan Civilization, the rise of Hindu culture, the influx of Islam in the eighth and the eleventh/twelfth centuries and key empires, states and dynasties, The Ancient Past engages with methodological and controversial issues. Key features of this illustrated guide This book provides comprehensive coverage of the political, spiritual, cultural and geographical history of India, making it an enriching read for anyone with an interest in this captivating period of history.

304 pages, Hardcover

First published June 5, 2007

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Burjor Avari

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Displaying 1 - 13 of 13 reviews
Profile Image for Rama Rao.
836 reviews146 followers
October 22, 2015
The history of ancient India

Ancient India evolved in many stages, and in this book the author discusses the very early stages from 7000 B.C. to 1200 A.D that includes the earliest known human settlements in the Northwest frontier. An examination of their society, the development of early Indo-European language and a proto-Vedic culture that grew into modern Hinduism is a fascinating story of human evolution. The book discusses social, political, and religious activities during various periods in India in separate chapters for a more focused discussion. This book also documents very recent discoveries about the origin of ancient Sanskrit, the Vedic Aryans and the beginnings of the earliest writings of the sacred scriptures of Rigveda in the cradles of Indus Valley Civilization. It is fascinating to read some of the proudest moments in the history due to its success in the development of religious, spiritual and metaphysical ideas. There was also a tremendous contribution in the area of business and economics, international trade, arts, sciences, mathematics, astronomy, and literature. In ancient world, most religions, like Vedic Brahmanism were polytheistic with the exception of Buddhism and Jainism.

A brief summary of this book is as follows: The first section is devoted to the discussion of the history of Vedic Aryans and evolution of ancient Sanskrit and revelation of Rigveda to sages and rishis. In recent years, multidisciplinary studies in archeology, anthropology, genetics, classical philology and linguistics have shed much light into the origins of Indo-Europeans and the parent Indo-European language from two distinct groups of people; the hunter-gatherers, and the farmers/pastoralists. In the beginning, the ancient populations in Europe and Asia were divided into individual archaeological cultures with distinctive types of pottery and cultural practices associated with burials and settlements. With the advent of genetics and genome sequencing, the different groups could be reconciled with genome data that explains the origin and migrations of ancient people in Eurasia. This in turn also explain the source of the parent Indo-European language that resulted in diverse languages in Europe and Asia that includes English, Spanish, Italian, French, Greek, Russian, Hindi, Persian, etc. The similarities among these languages are based on shared features of vocabulary and grammar. Genome sequencing of ancient human skeletons from Europe and Asia have revealed population genealogy of original hunter-gatherers, and the first farmers who appeared around 8,000 years ago. The farmers increased their dominance over hunter-gatherers until the early Bronze Age at about 3,500 B.C. Farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors. But the Russian/Ukrainian grasslands north of the Black Sea, the Yamnaya steppe herders, descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact at about 4,500 B.C. The first Indo-European languages started to spread around this time. Yamnaya were the first to introduce Indo-European language to Europe and Asia, the size of the genetic input suggests that it brought at least major parts. This is called “Steppe hypothesis", which proposes that early Indo-European speakers were farmers on the grasslands north of the Black and Caspian Seas. The Indo-European languages spoken in Iran and India had probably already diverged from the Yamnaya herder society, perhaps few centuries earlier, before they blazed a trail into Europe from the north of Black and Caspian Seas.

Ancient people were ritualistic and performed animal sacrifices to ward off evil and to please various gods. Pre Jewish Canaanite religion was very much connected to Vedic traditions. They were polytheistic, and most of them were nature gods with cyclical view of time. Similar beliefs also existed in the Egyptian religion, the Roman religion, Greek and Babylonian religions. Many of these gods had very similar names and their functions were similar to those of Rig Vedic gods. Zoroastrianism born in Persia had many cultural practices that were in common with Vedic traditions. Strong linguistic and cultural similarities between the Zoroastrianism texts of the Avesta and f the Vedas reflect the common beliefs of Proto-Indo-Iranian cultures before they were separated and Vedic Aryans moved east to India where Rig-Veda was known to have been revealed to sages and rishis by gods. Common religious practices among ancient religions are supported by archeological digs. A 6,000-year-old temple with sacrificial altars and humanlike figurines were discovered in a prehistoric settlement in Ukraine near modern-day Nebelivka. This settlement is almost twice the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. with more than 1,200 buildings and 50 streets. The migration of the pastoralists from these lands spread the proto-Indo European language. They also carried skills of farming and herding and the cultural practices such as fire rituals to connect with nature gods to distant lands.

There is a general consensus among archeologists that the mature Harappan period (known as Indus Valley Civilization) lasted from about 2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C. The period 4500 to 3500 B.C is an age of transition; and 3500 to 2600 B.C is regarded as early Harappan period. The Vedic – Hindu culture began around 2000 B.C and spanned for about 1500 years unhindered, but then Buddhist and Jain teachings came to dominate the Indian society. Buddhism offered a serious challenge to the Vedic-Brahmanic culture until Adi Shankara appeared (788 - 820 A.D.) to reform and revive Hinduism from possible extinction. In spite of religious and cultural tensions between various indigenous belief systems that sprang on Indian soil, the classical civilization grew unimpeded. Much of this was as a result of the partnership of Vedic-Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, the dissenters and atheists. In fact there were plenty of atheists in Vedic India. Dissent and atheism helped intellectual progress in a purely academic fashion that helped to strengthen various schools of Indian philosophy.

A decline around 1900 B.C. in the dynamics of Harappan economic system ended the civilization, and after 1700 B.C little remained of this culture. Until recently it was believed that invading Aryans destroyed the Indus culture but scholars now consider a combination of natural and socioeconomic factors led to the decline of Indus cities. This conclusion is based on geological and archeological studies. Rivers shifting the course and severe draught may have resulted in total collapse of the agriculture and affected the livelihood that depended on it.

The earliest hymns of Rig-Veda were written in 1700 B.C and it was orally transmitted with extreme fidelity. The caste system helped in this practice since the upper caste Brahmins passed on it on to their children. It was written down after 500 B.C. The sixth century B.C was a period that was watershed in the history of speculative ideas. By then the Vedic society had become highly stratified and gross inequality pervading its structure. There was a sense of injustice and dissent among ordinary populace. The emergence of Buddhism and Jainism is what was necessary to combat the growing power and authority of the priestly population. Both these religions rooted in renunciation of the worldly pleasures and wealth, was trying to bring justice and social equality among sudras and vaisya population of Vedic caste hierarchy.

Three major dynasties guided the capital city of Magadha between the middle of the sixth century B.C when the empire of Mauryas was proclaimed from Pataliputra. Bimbisara and Ajatasatru were the first two kings. The most notable Maurya was Emperor Asoka who reigned from Afghanistan to parts of South India and sent ambassadors and Buddhist missionaries to China, Japan and the Middle East. This is one of the proudest moments in the history of ancient India.

With the fall of Mauryan Empire was accompanied by the loss of pan-Indian authority exercised from Pataliputra to Magadha. A number of competing power centers in different regions of India came into existence. The political diffusion in the post Mauryan period and the emergence of monarchies with foreign roots is interesting since historians have a huge scale of available evidence. From Royal inscriptions, the shastras, the secular literature, Buddhist religious and secular texts and the Tamil anthologies, foreign literary sources from China, Syria, Greece, Persia and Egypt gives credence to the political and commercial setting of this period. From about 200 B.C. the transition from proto-historical to historical period is clearly evident. Kushans maintained a powerful dominion over North India until at least up to 250 A.D. and their trans-Asian empire, from Aral Sea to Kashi, Eastern Iran, Afghanistan and North Western part of India, was great expanse of land and the great conduits for India’s international trade.

The beginnings of India’s international trade began as early as 2500 B.C when Harappan civilization traded with Romans, Greece, Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. This trade relationship continued through the Mauryan period and grew rapidly in its sophistication with sound commercial infrastructure. The book shows diagrammatic sketches of the international trade that went as far as Rome to the West and as far as Indonesia to the East, and China to the north. These are some of the proudest moments in Indian business and economics. Indian merchants and Buddhist missionaries also forged a powerful alliance of interests. Buddhism became a strong influence in China and Japan. The Silk Road traded silk between China and Rome though India.

During the post-Mauryan period, in several kingdoms, Vedic Brahmanism was brought back but with some reforms in its teachings. This led to the beginning of two forms of modern Hinduism in the form of Vaishnavism and Saivism. They centered around three concepts; the supreme deity is either Vishnu or Siva and the salvation is through Lord Vishnu and Siva respectively. This is said to be achieved by the intense devotion (bhakti) of the godhead. The two traditions did not break away from Vedic Brahmanism but rejected some practices such as animal sacrifices and expressed more tolerance to lower castes.

I strongly recommend this book to anyone interested in ancient history, Indus Valley Civilization, the beginnings of Indo-European language and evolution of modern Hinduism. It is fascinating to read about the vast period the author focuses in his discussion with significant details. You will come across some of the proudest moments in the history of India.
Profile Image for Mansi.
117 reviews
October 7, 2019
The book talks about numerable oft not so popular facets of Indian history (the ones usually not taught in school).
Some fasinating things I learned were:
1) the places Fa-hien visited : Peshawar, Kanauj, Kashi, Kapilavastu, Kusinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra and several other Buddhist sites and leaving later from Tamrapalli towards Ceylon
2) That Aryabhata could have been a native of kerala given he worked at both kusumpura and Nalanda
3) the women who did not commit sati : Rati, kunti, uttara , dusala : these were given as instances by Kalhana in Rajtangi while deprecating the custom of Sati
4) French sculptor Rodin called the depiction of tandava as ‘the most perfect representation of rhythmic movement in art’
5) Anaandavardhana and his treatise on the dhvani called "Dhvanyaloka" .He states that all poetic work is endowed with three powers: denoting in a factual way, implying something obliquely, or suggesting an imaginative vist. This was further refined by Kashmir Scholar Abhinavagupta
6) Sanskritists such as Dignaga and Dandin existed in Pallava period
7) Kalhana's very objective way of treating history : In his opinion, a historian must have a vision, he must be impartial, he should present his version of the story from his own perspective, and he must be able to synthesise a number of previous accounts into a coherent whole.



and many other titbits of ancient history :)

The only issue I had is that Avari is a believer in the Aryan invasion theory and this view seems a bit dated.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Kaśyap.
271 reviews131 followers
December 3, 2017
A good holistic account of the development of Indian culture and civilisation from the paleolithic age to 1200 CE. Burjor Avari is not a professional historian, but he uses good sources for this account. The only drawback is that South Indian history isn't given as much attention as that of the North.
Profile Image for Nick906.
31 reviews3 followers
January 16, 2019
India born British author of this book, Burjor Avari, describes in this rather short length book history of ancient India. The author takes us on a journey of various stages of ancient India starting from prehistoric times till 1200 AD. The author seems to have done rather good research and quotes numerous references and makes it clear at the very start that he has borrowed heavily from various sources. The language of the text is lucid and engrossing, which is to say a lot since I, personally, was under an impression that owing to paucity of resources from this particular time period this book might be a drag. I can't say I am disappointed.

The author picks up various time periods and touches up various areas of that particular period such as political, economic, social, religious etc. Although the author has tried to present various viewpoints and arguments over various topics and is especially critical of nationalist viewpoints and arguments, the book overall still lacks it at most places. My opinion is that since this book was first published in 2007, it needs to be updated and perhaps add a few valid new arguments, nationalist views notwithstanding.

The book itself is a good source of knowledge of this period but after reading it I can't let go of the feeling of it being "incomplete". The book is brief, perhaps too brief. Or maybe I am not very used to history books being that brief!!

Make no mistakes, the book was still a very good read and is very suitable if you want to move chronologically quickly. It's a good book if you plan to finish one pass of reading Indian history in, let's say, one month. I myself finished it without any hassle in less than 10 days with less than 40 mins of reading per day.

This book marks the start of my readings for this year and my first book on ancient India. However the book may have been in terms of knowledge, it has served as a very good warm-up for the reading to follow in this year.

Happy New Year everybody and Happy reading!!
4 reviews
March 14, 2023
An excellent book on the ancient history of India, which remains readable and insightful throughout.

Great detail has been put into the history of the northern and central regions of India. Only the last two chapters are dedicated to the southern region so I hope future editions (providing they come into existence) expand on these more.
Profile Image for Mayank.
48 reviews3 followers
August 14, 2021
Good and informative book. This can be read by beginners in Indian history.
Profile Image for Stephen.
106 reviews6 followers
May 19, 2021
For cramming 8,000 plus years into a 300 pages this book did a great job. Very comprehensive, well balanced, up to date and just what I'd want in a primer on India's very fascinating ancient history. The book and chapters are well laid out, and Avari's writing style is clear and concise lending well to telling such a rich and varied history of ancient India and some of its surrounding neighbors.

Additionally I'd point out, incase you miss it, that though the book has numerous maps, Map 1.1 is your best friend. Not enough history books of this nature are gracious enough to give you that one all inclusive map you need to match things up with what your reading.
48 reviews
January 27, 2020
It's a textbook, I wanted to understand the history of India given its not something discussed in mainstream media.

Okay read, but is a textbook
Profile Image for Logan Streondj.
Author 2 books15 followers
May 20, 2022
A fairly good overview of India's history from ancient pre history until 1200AD. Worth archiving. Good to see the example of religious tolerance stetrching so far back.
8 reviews1 follower
December 8, 2023
The most comprehensive and complete history of ancient India. If you want to know the real & unbiased history of India this book is for you. I don't why this book is so underrated.
Profile Image for Akash Kaushik.
37 reviews7 followers
May 5, 2020
I am generally very interested in history, and in the politically charged atmosphere of the country right now (India), I thought it would be nice to go back and read a bit about the country's past.
I wasn't dissapointed, the most interesting aspect of this book for me were the various sources from where I could read more about ancient India. It mentions several books for detailed study of the country's past. It is in general a very well researched book.
The mention of certain concepts from the countries intellectual and cultural past like Dhvani, Elora Paintings, Number System, Musical Notes (among others) had me in awe.
Even in a textbook like format, there is a certain humour (at least to me )in the commentaries of the author, which had me giggling at least a dozen times (if not more).
Being an Indian and imagining certain things more personally (and clearly?) made this a delightful read.
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