The Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag
This author, Kang Chol-Hwan, was born in 1969 in Pyongyang, North Korea. Kang lived in a very large, luxurious, multi-room apartment in privileged comfort almost unheard of in communist Northern Korea. His family enjoyed the rare conveniences of a refrigerator, washing machine, colored television set and even a car.
Kang’s family wealth came, not just from his grandparent’s high social status, but his grandfather’s mass fortune acquired while living and working in capitalist Japan. Kang’s grandfather was one of the most affluent Koreans in Osaka, Japan before he returned to North Korea.
Kang’s early childhood in North Korea was a happy one. But slowly and methodically his very powerful and rich family had all of their material wealth stripped from them by the communist party of North Korea.
Then, one day, in July 1977, Kang’s grandfather did not return home from work. He was never seen or heard from again and to this date nothing is known about his ultimate fate. He was accused of treason but it seems that it was his hyperactive, outspoken and activist wife who was the root cause of his arrest and disappearance. Kang’s grandmother had significant disagreements with some people who would go on to become top leaders in North Korea and they eventually had their revenge on the entire family.
North Koreans believe that political deviance is hereditary, so extended families are routinely rounded up and incarcerated in gulags for the political crime of one family member. This is what happened to Kang’s family. State Police barged into the Kangs’ luxurious apartment, picked out all of the material goods in the home they wanted to keep for themselves, arrested the entire family, then loaded them into a truck and sent them off to Camp #15, the Yodok gulag.
Nine-year old Kang, his 7-year-old sister, his grandmother, his father and his uncle were all sent together to Yodok. Only Kang’s mother, being the daughter of a successful North Korean spy, was spared this fate. Because Yodok is a relatively mild camp, most inmates are allowed to live with their families.
Kang's book describes the brutal every day life in the gulag. Prisoners in the gulag are constantly kept on the verge of starvation. Inmates are so famished they eat whatever rodents, reptiles or insects they manage to catch: rats, snakes, frogs, salamanders, worms and bugs. They often eat the smaller ones raw, swallowing them whole while they are still alive and kicking.
The prisoners are housed in crowded in primitive dirt huts with walls made of dried mud. The huts are not heated, even in winter when temperatures fall below -4 °F. Prisoners commonly suffer frostbite, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pellagra, and other diseases, with no available medical treatment. Cruel beatings and other violent punishments are routine and many prisoners become extremely sick, crippled, or permanently disabled while in the gulag. Kang witnessed 15 executions while in the camp.
Kang's family was release from the gulag ten years later, as abruptly and mysteriously as the unexplained arrest itself, ten years earlier.
Kang’s experiences in the camp taught him to be him highly suspicious of North Korea and it’s state censored news, so after his release, Kang began to listening to South Korean and foreign broadcasts. This is a huge crime in North Korea that can easily a sentence of a lifetime in a gulag. The state security police discovered Kang’s secret radio-listening sessions. After Kang was warned that the secret police were planning to arrest him, he escaped by crossing the Yalu River into China and then into South Korea.
Kang has had no contact with any member of his beloved family that he left behind in North Korea. In 2011 though, it was learned that Kang’s shy little sister, Mi-ho, and her young, 11-year old son have been arrested and returned as prisoners to the very brutal Yodok gulag.