Stefan George’s life and poems are so super-refined and esoteric, he makes fellow “Symbolist” artists like Rilke, Mallarme and Dutchman Albert Verwey seem positively commonplace. For native English speakers, even his name seems pretty inaccessible. It’s pronounced not like a British King’s name but instead like some kind of queer ritual: “Gay Orga”.
Few people seem to have heard of him in Britain - and even fewer have read him. I’m proudly in that exclusive little club. But for a rather shameful and not at all intellectual reason. Generally I don’t get on with poetry, preferring novels instead. So when I had to read some German poetry as a student, I decided to find out who wrote the shortest verses.
And Stefan George came up trumps! Some of his poems are positive haikus compared to other more verbose German poets. For example, his epigrammatic appreciation of Rembrandt (“Nordischer Meister”) comprises just 27 polished and perfected words (describing sublimely the way Rembrandt captures light and dark in his painting).
George also insisted on a big, fat typeface (specially designed for him, how exclusive is that!) which make his exquisitely chosen few words even easier on the eye. Printed on classy paper with beautiful bindings and small print-runs. He also avoided commonplace things like titles for his poems, and content lists, which he thought banal but I notice a fellow reviewer found both baffling and irritating from a practical perspective.
So why isn’t George more well known today? I suspect it could be because he doesn’t fit neatly, or safely, into the categories we prefer these days. He straddles extremes in a way that makes us rather uncomfortable. And he presents us with numerous paradoxes:
- His verse is sensuous, voluptuous, even ecstatic, in its yearning and melancholic beauty. Yet it’s also imperious, chiselled, cold, and slightly inhuman in its perfection.
- He uses experimental techniques that are pretty Avant Garde. For example, in one of his earliest poems from 1891 (“Die Spange”) punctuation is at a minimum and there are no capital letters (positively discombobulating in German). His weird choice of words and radical syntax, all very Modernist, suggest this is a metaphorical “clasp”, a new experimental way of “fixing” language with meaning. Yet George hated Modernism and the Avant Garde, worshipping instead the structure and discipline of the Classical Age.
- As an intellectual atheist he detested the Church with its soggy beliefs and banal rituals. Yet he was fascinated by pagan religions, enjoyed dressing up as Greek gods and heroes, and inspired a select cult with “disciples” who followed him as their “Master”. He saw poetry as a sacred mission and his verse is full of words like pilgrimage, hymn, sacrifice and divine - but with an entirely post-Christian meaning.
- He had no truck with political systems and institutions. Yet he was accused of being reactionary and authoritarian, and a generation of young solders marched to war enthusiastically quoting his verse (just as British officers went to the trenches with copies of AE Housman’s “A Shropshire Lad”).
- As a “Poet-Priest”, aloof and solitary, aching with loneliness, his poetry is intensely introvert and individualistic. One of his poems (typically untitled) has just 12 short lines all of which begin with the words “Ich bin” - placing himself firmly in the centre of his own universe. Yet he inspired a brotherhood of shared values and had a far-reaching and loyal following.
- He’s a passionate advocate of same-sex communities and intense male friendships. He has life-changing experiences through his idolisation of young male “soulmates”. These included the 15 year old Maximin who George (then in his mid 30s) venerated as a kind of young deity. Yet his yearnings are celibate and monastic. And though his obsession with youthful male beauty seems a bit dodgy today, such intense, non physical, literally “Platonic” obsessions were regarded as pretty normal in upper-class European circles (think EM Forster, Thomas Mann and, of course, Oscar himself).
- George’s poetry and philosophy could seem pompous, pretentious and even a bit creepy, with his fixation on youth, purity, and aristocratic artists saving civilisation. Yet there are also flashes of humanity, humility and touching vulnerability. One of his very last poems (“Seelied”) has the lonely poet standing on the dunes at sunset, watching a child “with golden hair” laughing and singing on the beach - a sudden epiphany of perfect, simple joy.
I think perhaps my favourite George poem is “Die blume die ich mir am fenster hege” from the late 1890s. In just 12 lines of rhyming verse that work gloriously when read aloud, it channels a soul-sapping sense of weariness, disappointment and emptiness - all through the symbolic simplicity of a humble pot plant on a window sill. The poet lovingly tends the flower and it fills his heart with joy. But then the bloom fades and dies - and we feel the poet’s loss and melancholy in the slide into the gloomy subjunctive and the pathos of the open-vowel sounds. He prunes back the flower with a sharp, vengeful “snip” of the scissors and realises he now hates the dead bloom for causing him such heartbreak. Even the memory of the flower that once brought joy now brings bitterness. Just like Oscar Wilde’s bleak surmise that we all end up killing the thing we love …