Maquiavelo en 90 minutos

Philosophers in 90 Minutes #16

by Paul Strathern

El nombre de Maquiavelo produce todavía escalofríos; sigue siendo sinónimo del mal a casi 500 años de su muerte. Y sin embargo, Maquiavelo no era un hombre malvado. Intentó que su filosofía del Estado fuera científica, esto es, que no hubiera en ella espacio para el sentimiento o la compasión ni, en última instancia, para la moral. Los consejos de Maquiavelo a un príncipe sobre cómo conservar el poder y gobernar con la mayor ventaja posible para sí mismo son muy racionales y penetrantes en lo psicológico. Más que simplemente una filosofía política de su tiempo, refleja una de las más profundas y perturbadoras verdades sobre la condición humana. En Maquiavelo en 90 minutos, Paul Strathern presenta un recuento conciso y experto de la vida e ideas de Maquiavelo, y explica su influencia en la lucha del hombre por comprender su existencia en el mundo. El libro incluye una selección de escritos de Maquiavelo, una breve lista de lecturas sugeridas para aquellos que deseen profundizar en su pensamiento y cronologías que sitúan a Maquiavelo en su época y en una sinopsis más amplia de la filosofía.

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, Biography, History

96 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1992

About the author

Paul Strathern (born 1940) is a English writer and academic. He was born in London, and studied at Trinity College, Dublin, after which he served in the Merchant Navy over a period of two years. He then lived on a Greek island. In 1966 he travelled overland to India and the Himalayas. His novel A Season in Abyssinia won a Somerset Maugham Award in 1972.

Besides five novels, he has also written numerous books on science, philosophy, history, literature, medicine and economics.

Reviews

[Maziyar Yf · Rating 3 out of 5]

مهمترین تفاوت کتاب آشنایی با ماکیاوللی با دیگر این کتاب های این مجموعه را می توان در فلسفه سیاسی ماکیاولی دانست ، در حقیقت او بر خلاف فلاسفه دیگری که نویسنده خلاصه به آنها پرداخته کاری به زندگی ، وجود ، هستی و چسیتی و دیگر بحث های رایج فلسفی ندارد ، مخاطب کتاب های ماکیاولی هم مردمانی عادی نیستند ، او کتاب های خود را برای حاکمان یا شهریاران نوشته است .
آنچه نویسنده بر آن تاکید دارد علم سیاست و یا نحوه حفظ حاکمیت به کار آمدترین شیوه ممکن بوده ، این روش نه در گذشته اخلاقی و مشفقانه بوده و نه اکنون و نه احتمالا در آینده .بنابراین بیشتر توصیه های ماکیاولی در باب قساوت ، شکنجه و دروغ بوده . دغدغه ماکیاولی تداوم حاکمیت شهریار بوده نه رفاه و آرامش مملکت .
او صفاتی برای شهریار شمرده که گرچه بر آمده از فرهنگ حاکم بر ایتالیا ضعیف شده قرن پانزده بوده اما این صفات و ویژگی ها در درازای قرن ها تا به امروز هم چنان برپا و برجا بوده اند . او حاکم را اندرز می دهد که باید رفتاری جانورگونه داشته باشد ، چون روباه و چون شیر . باید چون روباه از دام ها گریخت و چون شیر گرگ ها را رماند . حاکم باید به مردمان نشان دهد که اهمیتی برای شنیدن حقایق قائل نیست . او باید میان پیروان خود ترس ایجاد کند ، هیچ جرمی نباید بدون عقوبت و جزا باقی بماند . از نگاه او برای یک حاکم بهتر آن است که مردم هم او را دوست داشته باشند و هم از او بهراسند اما چون جمع اضداد معمولا ممکن نیست بهتر آن است که از او بترسند . شهریار باید چنین فرض کند که مردم همه شر اند و آن کس که به مردم تکیه کند گویی بر باد تکیه داده . از نگاه ماکیاولی آدمیان همیشه شور و شری یکسان داشته اند و به بک شیوه رفتارکرده اند ، همیشه کسانی بوده اند که فرمان داده اند و کسانی که فرمان برده اند .
از آن جا که ماکیاولی خود را فردی اخلاق گرا می دانسته کلام او حالت توجیه کننده دارد ، بنابراین قساوت ، دروغ در این حالت از نگاه او اعمال خوبی هستند ، چون برای تثبیت موقعیت یک نفر به کار رفته اند . بنابراین ماکیاولی خود را فردی پیرو اخلاق می دانسته گرچه که اندرزهای او چندان اخلاقی نبوده اند.
از میان دو کتاب ماکیاولی یعنی شهریار و گفتارها ، استراترن بیشتر بر شهریار تمرکز کرده که در اوج دوران یاس و نامیدی ماکیاولی نوشته شده و گفتارها در حالی در کتاب استراترن به محاق رفته که دیدگاه سیاسی ماکیاولی پخته تر و حساب شده تر از شهریار بوده . در حقیقت ماکیاولی واقعی را از گفتارها معتدل بیشتر می توان شناخت تا شهریار افراطی .
نویسنده گرچه مخاطب شهریار و یا درکل آموزه های ماکیاولی را حاکمان دانسته اما در هر محیط و هر شخصیتی میتوان اندیشه های او را یافت ، در محیط کار ، همکار و یا مدیر یکی از افرادی هستند که احتمالا بی آن که ماکیاولی را خوانده باشند به اندیشه های او ایمان دارند .
این کتاب را در کارنامه پل استراترن می توان گامی کوچک به جلو دانست ، او توانسته بخشی از اندیشه های ماکیاولی که گذر زمان بر غنای آنها افزوده و صحت و درستی آنها بارها ثابت شده را در کتاب خود به روشنی شرح داده وبه خواننده دیدگاه و تفسیری واقعی تر جهت فهم رفتار حاکم ارائه دهد .

[فؤاد · Rating 3 out of 5]

١٤٧٨ - خاندان پاتزى ها، در جشنى مذهبى در كليسا، بر سر خاندان مديچى (كه حاكم فلورانس بودند) ريختند و آن ها را قطعه قطعه كردند. لورنتسو مديچى به سختى گريخت و ضدحمله را آغاز كرد و تمام پاتزى ها را دستگير و بر در همان كليسا به دار آويخت.

١٤٩٢ - خاندان بورجيا با خريدن منصب پاپ، به پاپى رسيدند. چزاره بورجيا با كشتن برادرانش توجه پدر (پاپ) را به خود جلب كرد، سپاهيان او را گرفت و به فتح و خونريزى در ايتاليا پرداخت.

١٤٩٤ - جنگ فرانسه و ايتاليا.

١٤٩٨ - ساوونارولا كشيشى كه حكومتى مقدس در فلورانس برقرار كرده بود، به دار آويخته مى شود و جسدش سوزانده مى شود.

١٥٠٣ - چزاره بورجيا فرماندهان خائن خودش را مى كشد.

١٥٠٣ - پاپ بورجيا مى ميرد و چزاره بورجيا فورى از قدرت خلع و محكوم به زندان و اعدام مى شود، و فرارى مى گردد.

و هزاران قتل و دسيسه و سرنگونى قدرت ها و بر پا شدن حكومت هاى متزلزل جديد در عرض پنجاه سال زندگى ماكياوللى.
چطور از كسى كه در ميان جنگ و خونريزى هاى جنون آميز زندگى مى كند، انتظار داريم كه كتابى در باب عشق به همنوع و مهربانى ذاتى بشر بنويسد؟
چطور از مرغى كه در ميان طوفان و گردباد زاده مى شود، توقع داريم كه بال هايى ظريف و پروانه وار داشته باشد؟؟

[هشام بوشنافة الادريسي · Rating 3 out of 5]

Maquiavelo = pragmatismo

[Jimmy · Rating 4 out of 5]

Money and financial institutions grew during this time. Medici banking ledgers were headed with "In the name of God and profit." This money gave the Medicis close contact with the inner workings of the Catholic church. Even Cardinals had expense accounts for their mistresses. The Bible unequivocally forbade usury. Leviticus 24:37: "Thou shalt not lend thy money for interest." Exodus 22:25: "Do not take usury." So the Medici covered their sins by becoming great patrons of the arts.

The greatest Renaissance philosopher was Pico della Mirandola. He was accused of heresy by the Pope. He died at 31. Machiavelli attended public lectures by him. Pico's thinking was scientific and he pushed for human dignity. He influenced Kepler's ideas on planetary motion.

The Pazzi family hatched a plot to assassinate Lorenzo and his younger brother Giuliano during Easter Mass. The Pazzis had taken over as Papas bankers and now wanted all of Florence in 1478. Giuliano was stabbed to death in front of the altar but Lorenzo was able to save himself. The rest of the plot was at the Palazzo Vecchio. The Archbishop of Pisa, dressed in full regalia, and other conspirators encountered the gonfalonier or leader of the city. He became suspicios and guards came. The Archbishop was bound and flung out the window hanging by a rope around his neck. Another conspirator was also thrown in like condition. They hung there desperately biting into each other trying to escape while a crowd tore apart the remaining conspirators.

The notorious Cesare Borgia, the Pope's son, used the papal army to carve out a new independent principality in central Italy. Borge's ruthless tactics dazzled Machiavelli. He looked as history as "an instruction manual on how to act . . . Human beings have always had the same passions and behaved in the same way." He believed in universal historic laws.

Borgia would lure leaders from their troops and have them strangled. He never wasted time and always used any method possible. It gave Machiavelli an idea for "a science of statecraft separate from, and independent of, every moral consideration."

Machiavelli was eventually subject to torture in the form of the strappado. His wrists were tied behind his back and the rope went over a pulley. He is yanked up and then dropped almost to the floor with all weight on his wrists. Causes excruciating pain with arms often being yanked out of their sockets. He has it done four times and is proud to say he stood up well to the torture. He believed a ruling prince should "be held in constant fear, owing to the punishment he may inflict." Pain and the fear of its possibility are what lie behind moral sanctions, laws, and even treaties.

In a few months in 1513 he wrote The Prince. It was intended to get him on the good side of the leader who was removed later.

He believed a country should send in people to settle a conquered territory. China has done that in Tibet. The Turks did that in Byzantium.

The welfare of the state is secondary to the prince continuing as a ruler.

One of his worst statements is "Fortune is a woman; and if you wish to control her it is necessary to restrain and beat her."

"Old Nick" derives directly from Niccolo Machiavelli. His surname spread through Europe as a byword for the evil.

There still seem to be no universal yardsticks for good government.

More quotes:

"It is necessary for anyone establishing a state and setting down its laws to presuppose that all people are evil, and that they will always act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they get the chance."--Machiavelli, Discourses

"The papacy, too, has never been in a position to carry on Christian politics; and when informers indulge in politics, as Luther did, one sees that they are just as much followers of Machiavelli as any immoralist or tyrant."--Nietzsche, The Will To Power

"Wars begin when you want, but don't end when you wish."--Machiavelli, Florentine History

"Much of the conventional obloquy that attaches to Machiavelli's name is due to the indignation of hypocrites who hate the frank avowal of evildoing."--Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy

"Machiavelli was the greatest Italian philosopher . . . the teacher of all teachers of politics . . . but he did not have enough contempt for humanity."--Benito Mussolini

[Jimena · Rating 3 out of 5]

Maquiavelo en 90 minutos funciona como una introducción concisa pero efectiva a la figura del filósofo y estratega que, aunque demonizado en su tiempo, supo crear las bases de una visión pragmática del Estado y del ejercicio de la política que repercutiría hasta la actualidad.

A diferencia de entregas previas en las que se impuso la mirada u opinión del autor por encima de la objetividad debida en el retrato de los filósofos, Maquiavelo en 90 minutos cuanta con esa objetividad y con un interesante despliegue biográfico que funciona como telón de fondo y explicación del pensamiento maquiavélico en lugar de relleno o sustitución de éste.

[Lovisa ✨️ · Rating 3 out of 5]

Jädrar vilken otur en man kan ha haha. Men nu va han ju ganska otrevlig också

[hossein Babadi · Rating 4 out of 5]

ماکیاوللی بزرگترین فیلسوف ایتالیایی بود...استاد تمام استادان علم سیاست... اما او به قدر کافی بشریت را تحقیر نکرد
بنیتو موسولینی

[Ghazal Arbabzadeh · Rating 5 out of 5]

بشدت روان و صریح و جذاب

[. · Rating 4 out of 5]

Хубаво резюме на биографията и писанията му.

[#DÏ4B7Ø Chinnamasta-Bhairav]

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To SEE a WORLD in a Grain of Sand,
And a HEAVEN in a Wild Flower,
Hold INFINITY in the palm of your hand
And ETERNITY in an Hour"
~ William Blake ~

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“Wisdom tells me I am nothing. Love tells me I am everything. And between the two my life flows.” Nisargadatta Maharaj

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Form is Emptiness; Emptiness is form.
Form is not different than Emptiness;
Emptiness is not different than form
~ Heart Sutra ~

Like the ocean and its waves,
inseparable yet distinct

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" I and The Father are one,
I am The Truth,
The Life and The Path.”

Like a river flowing from its source,
connected and continuous

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Thy kingdom come.
Let the reign of divine
Truth, Life, and Love
be established in me,
and rule out of me all sin;
and may Thy Word
enrich the affections of all mankind

A mighty oak tree standing firm against the storm,
As sunlight scatters the shadows of night
A river nourishing the land it flows through

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[Bima Surya · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book, though relatively slender, is a treasure trove of fascinating insights. That was my thought upon stumbling across it one afternoon in the local flea market.

I’ve always been intrigued by Machiavelli, often cast as an antagonist, almost as if he embodies the devil himself. It’s compelling to discover that he lived during the same era as Leonardo da Vinci, with tales even suggesting that they once engaged in discourse. Florence, the city of geniuses, was home to Machiavelli as well, who was certainly no exception.

Paul Strathern’s work, particularly within this "In 90 Minutes" series, allows readers to appreciate the author’s ability to distill complex information into a brilliantly digestible form. It is often said that those who can present simplicity from complexity are the true geniuses, and this book is a testament to that adage.

In critiquing this work, one must acknowledge Strathern’s talent for synthesizing intricate historical narratives and philosophical ideas into a concise, yet deeply enriching, reading experience. The book serves not only as an introduction to Machiavelli but as a refined lens through which we can explore the convergence of intellectual giants in Renaissance Florence. For the discerning reader, it is both an intellectual delight and a model of literary conciseness.

[CARLOS CABEZAS · Rating 4 out of 5]

Libro muy elemental sobre la vida del político y escritor florentino. Bastante clara y que aporta las claves esenciales especialmente biográficas para entender su obra. Especialmente la composición del "Principe" obra que es la más famosa del autor.
La obra y su composición es la esencia misma de la hipocresía y falta de integridad del autor y de los gobernantes de la época.
Compuesta para congraciarse con los Médicis que le habían denigrado, buscando su aprobación y su restablecimiento en un puesto de gobierno. No dudo en cambiar la dedicatoria para el sucesor, para el nuevo regente de Florencia, también un Medicis.
Cualquier intento, mentira, engaño o alabanza es bueno, y aprovechar el momento para poder alcanzar el puesto de poder en la república florentina, aun con ello humillarse y pasar por ser defensor de los Médicis, cuando antes no lo había sido.
Un ejemplo de vida y de obra para un personaje.

[Theo Milos · Rating 3 out of 5]

He is most famous for his book The Prince. In this, he advises a prince on how to rule a country. Machiavelli said that the ruler should focus on getting a great kingdom rather than keeping everyone happy. Many of the tips noted, have afterward been regarded as very amoral.

Machiavelli lived in Florence, which was the leading city both in Italy and Europe during the Renesansie (1500s). The city were ruled by the Medici family, for instance Lorenzo "The Magnificent" Medici. They developed a banking system and a way of payment. By this family Machiavelli was asked to write a history of Florence, but be sure not to write anything bad about the Medici.

Machiavelli was a nationalist, being proud of Italy. Many have been inspired by his book and ruled in similar ways that he resonated, for example, Mussolini who also proceeded to write an introduction to The Prince. An active author that likes Machiavelli is Robert Greene, for instance with his 48 Laws of Power.

[Marvin Cast · Rating 5 out of 5]

Muy recomendado para comprender la noción que implementa Maquiavelo en el ámbito Ciudad-Estado, su biografía acompañado de sus sucesos más importantes y el punto estelar que es hacia su Obra "El Príncipe" muy ameno y fácil de leer.

[Alicia Romero · Rating 3 out of 5]

Las guerras comienzan cuando se desea, pero no terminan cuando se quiere.
Maquiavelo - Historias florentinas

[Anne-Julia · Rating 3 out of 5]

I love these quick little philosophy reads/refreshers. Although, they do add some humor, I could do without some of the snarkiness of Mr. Strathern's opinions.

[Ben · Rating 3 out of 5]

A quick concise summary of the life and times and works of Machiavelli, like the rest in the series - informative, quick, and worth a read if nothing else as a refresher for/of the philosopher.

[Diego · Rating 3 out of 5]

Sorprendido de que efectivamente se lea en noventa minutos.

[Eduardo Pedraza · Rating 5 out of 5]

Una joya de libro

[Henry Manampiring · Rating 5 out of 5]

Another home run. Funny, clear, and concise. I am fan of Strathern.

[Matias Garnes · Rating 3 out of 5]

Hjelpsom liten bok. Gir god oversikt over Machiavelli sitt liv og hans verker, samt tiden han levde i.

[Achmad Soefandi · Rating 3 out of 5]

BUku kecil yang membacanya cukup dengan waktu kurang lebih 90 menit, sesuai dengan judulnya. Buku kecil ini membahas masa hidup seorang Machiavelli seorang negarawan yang menuliskan filsafat politiknya, dalam buku fenomelanya yang berjudul "Prince". Dari buku ini kia akan memahami bagaimana kehidupan muda Machiavelli yang kelak akan membentuk pemikiranya tentang politik. Banyak orang beranggapan bahwa Machiavelli adalah tokoh yang licik, bahkan diidentikan dengan "setan", karena banyak pemikiran pemikiranya mengenai politik dalam bukunya cenderung menuntun kepada kepemimpinan yang otoriter. Akan tetapi dengan membaca buku ini kita akan mengetahui bahwa pemikiran Machiavelli ini memang relevan dan cocok di terapkan pada masanya. Buku ini tidak cock bagi mereka yang masih terkungkung dengan nilai moralitas, yang hanya melihat suatu realitas berdasarkan benar dan salah, karena kebenaran dianggap paling benar berdampak pada sempitnya prespektif seseorang dalam melihat sesuatu, salah satunya pemikiran Machiavelli.

[Kai Mustakoski · Rating 4 out of 5]

--- This is not a review ---

(Only notes so I can remember better)


1468 Florence !

Medici Family, Banking, Crazy times, unstable,

It is hard to be a good person and good politicial. Have to know about management, public image and so on.

looked people as they are, not the way they should be.

Virtu:

Criminal Virtu: for state stability, made shiftily, not done too often

Banned by catholic church cuz you cannot be good politicial and good christian.

You have to lie because it works the way it works, not the way we wish it should.

Was tortured.

Most know for the prince: and gave picture of his time.

[Kenneth · Rating 5 out of 5]

The author did a great job summarizing The Prince in a short and easy to understand language with little to no complicated words. It is very straightforward; and if you have already read The Prince, the book gives you a good overview and an excellent review of what you had just read. The author inserts personal opinions about certain subjects, but it shouldn't affect the quality of his writing.

[Darjeeling · Rating 5 out of 5]

Seems like this dude gets a bad rep. He actually believed in being a moral person and of course considered himself a Christian. He just wanted to know what actually worked in the field of politics. Not what was best for everyone, not what was moral or right or good, just what methods worked if one wanted to get into power and stay in power. He basically invented political science.

[Alina White · Rating 1 out of 5]

Patronizing poo of an author.

[Takoinche El tako :D · Rating 5 out of 5]

El mejor tipo de libros son los que cambian tu perspectiva del mundo para siempre.

Este es uno de ellos.

[Abner De almeida · Rating 2 out of 5]

Bom livro com linguagem simples e informações relevantes, mas o autor parece não gostar muito da pessoa retratada.

[Oswaldo · Rating 5 out of 5]

Buen resumen de la vida, obra e ideas de este político Florentino

[Natifer Rábago · Rating 3 out of 5]

Qué interesante personaje, este pequeño resumen me sirvió para entender un poco a tan controversial hombre. Se nota que el autor lo admira.