Three lectures defining author's attitude towards Nyberg's book, The Religions of Ancient Iran and consequently its comparison to Herzfeld's theories in his work, Zoroaster and his World.
Herzfeld's Zoroaster was a man who lived his life in full light of history, in time of Cyrus and Darius, a member of two royal houses, Medians by lineage and Achaemenids by marriage, and brother-in-law to both Cambyses and Darius (through Atossa, Cyrus's daughter and Zoroaster's half-sister). He was primarily a politician, got in conflict with the ruling classes, and priests, indicated as a revolutionary, and then condemned to banishment by Gaumata who later usurped the throne and pretended to be Bardiya. Zoroaster helps Darius become the king of kings, although his name was not mentioned by Darius (because of his own suggestion, as he wished to work in the dark). The irony is these men that conspired to hide the truth, speak of Truth as the chief duty of Man.
Nyberg's Zoroaster though is a prehistoric man, a witch-doctor of Inner-Asia tribes before they were civilized by the Persian Empire. Their religion is shamanism, with both equally important points of the college of Fellows of the Ordeal and the Maga. The tribal mythology, theology, and all ideas drive from ordeal (divine judgment) and Maga; the collective magical singing and dancing (or by using hemp) to reach a state of ecstasy. In this state they imagine reaching a mystical union with God Vohu Manah; the collective of the Free-souls, or the cosmic, divine Free-soul. Their souls released by trance from the body to join the other freed souls and dead souls (trance is the brother of death).
There are several types of religious belief that appear to have coalesced in Zoroastrianism.
1. The Original Religion by Zoroaster: There is one God named Ahura Mazdah, an anti-divine force led by Aara Mainyu the 'devil spirit', counter-part of Spenta Mainya (the Sacred Spirit). The acts of mankind exercises a great influence on the outcome of the cosmic war, and the association with God of a number of so-called Amesa Spentas (some regard it as aspects of God).
Nyberg: This resembles the later Zarvanism, in which Zervan the god of Time is a Deus Otiosus and sets the world in motion, but now keeps aloof from it (reminds one of the shadowy gods of Gnostic systems as 'The Nameless God' or 'The Stranger'); its management is left to two contrasting and contending powers, the Good Spirit, and the Evil Spirit. However, Henning believes that Zervanism is the outcome of contact between Zoroastrianism and the Babylonian civilization.
In the beginning Zoroaster believed in a Deus Otiosus creating the world, and an evil god ruling it. In perplexity he turned to God, asking for help and receives a revelation that his God is an active God. He turns from being a Zervanist to a strict Dualist.
My thoughts: Here you can see the evolution of religion. From the one Deus Otiosus God, to a world created by him but ruled by an evil God in response for 'world being suffering'. Out of desperation, we see an emergence of a good God, equal in power to the evil God. Out of arrogance, Man promotes the good God and merged it with the inactive creator God, and hence the demoted evil God is created by the good God. At last, by rejecting both imagined God, we reach the first place of having an inactive God of Physical Laws.
In Manichaeism the dark or evil Power is led by the King of Darkness. His opponent, in the creation of the world, is the First Man; but he is an emanation of the Father of Greatness, the chief of the light or good Power. The relation between Father or Greatness, First Man, and King of Darkness. Is the First Man in equal position as Ahura Mazda?
2. Primitive Polytheism: Iranian inherited it from the remote past, from the tribes later known as Indo-Aryans that immigrated to India. It includes many gods and goddesses: Mithra, Anahita, Verethrayna, Tistrya, etc. animal sacrifices, intoxicating drink, Hamoa, the Indian Soma in the sacrificial ceremonies.
3. The religion of Magi: Which we know very little about. Purification rites, particularly in connexion with dead bodies characterize it.
Zoroaster attacks polytheism in his poems. Nevertheless, we find polytheism mixed with Zoroastrianism. The merging of the two forms, which apparently also swallowed up the third, must have taken place before 400 B.C. probably due to the integration of the Iranian provinces. The propagandists of Mithraism, with their animal sacrifices and nocturnal haoma orgies, exercised an unholy fascination upon the simple, unsophisticated members of Zoroaster's community (alcohol prevailed over hemp).
Main Criticism:
1. & 2. & 3. ...
4. Both scholars' tendency to project the cultural phenomena of a later age into the more distant past. Herzfeld relying on events during Abbasid Caliphate, and Nyberg on Dancing Dervishes, and Prophet Mohammed.
5. Both theories reject the believes of current Zoroastrianism. They don't consider Zoroaster as a politician, nor they practice that Nyberg attributed to their founder.
6. The inadequacy of these figures to place Zoroaster in history. Why the shady politician should have been remembered at all? What is distinguishable about this ecstatic witch-doctor, even when he admitted polytheism into his Church.
In the second lecture, he provides argument to discredit both theories about Zoroaster. For Nyberg's Zoroaster, it is hard to believe that such extreme activities were practiced in modern, and complex system of Persian Empire (maybe by Scythians in Southern Russia). He also argues that hemp was not introduced and used by Iranians at that time. For Herzfeld's Zoroaster, the evidence is mostly based on name resemblances, and no record confirm his arguments.
The third lectures, he puts the date of Zoroaster around 600 B.C. and its location, somewhere around Khwarazm, and approves the dualistic believes attributed the him.