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Braddock's March: How the Man Sent to Seize a Continent Changed American History

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Winner of the 2011 New York Society of Colonial Wars Distinguished Book Award
“The strength of this book lies in Crocker’s presentation of the battle and the complicated logistics involved.”— Times Literary Supplement “ Braddock’s March is arguably the first truly comprehensive history devoted exclusively to the calamitous march that remade North America. . . . Braddock’s story is superb history.”— Weekly Standard “Drawing on original sources, Crocker grittily reconstructs the advance of Edward Braddock’s army on Fort Duquesne. . . . Attentive to detail, Crocker will engage colonial-history readers in this well illustrated book.”— Booklist “Both Braddock’s epic march and subsequent destruction are brought to life by Thomas E. Crocker in Braddock’s March , his impeccably researched account of an important but largely forgotten chapter in American history. . . . It all adds up to a stirring tale.”— Washington Times  
“Before we parted, the General told me he should never see me more; for he was going with a handful of men to conquer whole nations; and to do this they must cut their way through unknown woods. He produced a map of the country, saying at the same time, ‘Dear Pop, we are sent like sacrifices to the altar.’” - George Anne Bellamy on General Edward Braddock’s departure In January 1755, Major General Edward Braddock was sent by Great Britain on a mission to drive France once and for all from the New World. Accompanied by the largest armed expeditionary force ever sent to North America, Braddock’s primary target was the Forks of the Ohio, where he planned to seize Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), and then march north into Canada. After landing in Alexandria, Virginia, and organizing his troops and supply chain, Braddock and his expedition began its nearly 250-mile trek, heroically cutting through uncharted wilderness, fording rivers, and scaling the Appalachian mountains, all while hauling baggage and heavy artillery. Braddock was joined on this epic mission by a young Virginia colonel, George Washington, and others who would later play major roles in the American Revolution, including Horatio Gates, Thomas Gage, and Charles Lee; among those driving the expedition’s wagons were Daniel Boone and Daniel Morgan. Having withstood the harsh frontier and finally marching upon Fort Duquesne on a hot July morning, Braddock’s exhausted column was ambushed by a combined French and Indian force. Over two-thirds of Braddock’s British and colonial troops were killed or wounded, including Braddock himself, struck by a bullet in the chest while attempting to rally his disoriented troops. George Washington miraculously escaped harm despite four bullet holes through his clothing. With this battle, North America became the greatest stake in the global war between France and Great Britain. In Braddock’s How the Man Sent to Seize a Continent Changed American History , Thomas E. Crocker tells the riveting story of one of the most important events in colonial America. Not only did Braddock’s expedition have a profound impact on American political and military developments, this fateful march laid the foundation for the “National Pike,” the major road for westward expansion, launched the career of George Washington, and sowed the seeds of dissent between  England and its colonies that would ultimately lead to the American Revolution.

336 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2009

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About the author

Thomas E. Crocker

3 books1 follower
Thomas E. Crocker is also the author of Braddock's March: How the Man Sent to Seize a Continent Changed American History, which received the 2011 Distinguished Book Award from both the New York and the District of Columbia Societies of Colonial Wars, and of Empire's Eagles: The Fate of the Napoleonic Elite in America. He is a member of the American Revolution Institute Book Prize committee, the Society of the Cincinnati, the Distinguished Book Prize committee, and the General Society of Colonial Wars. He is a retired partner at a large U.S. law firm and a former U.S. diplomat.

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Displaying 1 - 15 of 15 reviews
Profile Image for Todd Price.
216 reviews1 follower
April 10, 2024
Thomas Crocker writes this history of the French and Indian War era campaign by British General Edward Braddock during the year 1755 to seize the French Fort Duquesne in modern day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in an effort to demonstrate how extensively this military campaign influenced the history of British North America and later the United States far beyond the immediate results of the shocking loss to the Algonquian Native Americans and their French allies. Crocker makes persuasive arguments, largely centered on the person of his future “Excellency” George Washington, who served as one of three aides de camp to Braddock during the campaign. Crocker is also to be commended for realistic assessments, humbly acknowledging that they are his conclusions from years of study on the lives of Washington and Braddock. He does admirable work in this capacity. While most of his arguments are inserted subtly throughout the narrative, he reserves his greatest focus on the topic for the very end of the book in his Epilogue.

While the Battle of the Monongahela was the climax of the campaign, true to his thesis, Crocker dedicates most of the book to detailing the full history of the 6 month plus long overall campaign. He relates the early history of the events that became the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the French and Indian War in North America. He dedicates significant time to telling the histories of the major characters, particularly Braddock and Washington. He also doggedly documents the more “mundane” aspects, such as planning by the Duke of Cumberland and his military cohorts in England, the requisition of the 44th and 48th Regiments of Foot in the British military from their station in Ireland to transport across the Atlantic Ocean to Virginia, the funding, feeding, and transport of the troops, the journey from Tidewater Virginia to the rugged, mountainous frontier of western Maryland and Virginia. He doesn’t neglect the involvement of women, which is a refreshing perspective. He also meticulously documents the march of the army, attempting to identify each of the campsites used along the way. While the Battle of Monongahela receives a relatively short discussion over a 24 page chapter, replete with numerous illustrations(far out of proportion compared to any other chapter).

While the victors of the battle, Native Americans are largely relegated to background characters. This is understandable, since it is a history being told from the British perspective, who maintained only a small, but very important handful with the army. However, some dated notions creep in, with barbaric and savage being relatively frequently utilized adjectives when describing the warfare of Native Americans. There do seem to be minor errors at times, but it is difficult to discern whether they are simply editing errors or not. One major blunder is Crocker’s reference to the amalgamation of Native Americans(Huron, Ottawa, Shawnee, Delaware, Potawatomi, and Ojibwa) as the “Algonquin nation”. Each of the aforementioned tribal groups are nations in their own right, while Algonquian is a largely ethno-linguistic designation used to identify what most would recognize as the “Eastern Woodlands” peoples.

Regardless, this is a well researched study on the Braddock campaign. Readers interested in early American and colonial history, the French and Indian War, or military history in general will find this an interesting read.
Profile Image for Jerome Otte.
1,915 reviews
December 5, 2015
An accessible and engaging history of Braddock’s march, both informative and entertaining. Crocker’s aim is to show the Braddock campaign related to the origins of the American Revolution. He has a good grasp of the daunting logistics involved in the expedition. George Washington is, of course, a pivotal character, and Crocker does a great job setting up all of the background on his previous activity in the war, especially the skirmish with Jumonville and Washington’s surrender at Fort Necessity.

The story of Braddock’s march is a familiar one: Braddock is dispatched to North America to drive the French from western Pennsylvania, given two lackluster regiments, assured that the colonies would cooperate with him and keep his men supplied, and told the distance to Fort Duquesne is only a few miles away by foot. What could possibly go wrong? Of course, Braddock had no combat experience, his relations with his subordinates was poor, his regiments were understrength, and there wasn’t actually a water route. And the colonists only stingily provided support, despite all of Braddock’s threats.

Crocker explains all of the features that make Braddock’s campaign noteworthy: the birth of the myth of American irregular frontier warfare and its alleged superiority, the birth of “special forces,” the weaknesses of the British army in wilderness warfare, the redemption of Washington’s military career, the origins of the conflict between London and the colonies over taxation, the first successful organized congress in the British colonies, the birth of Washington as a hero figure, British policy shifts that led to the eventual defeat of French power on the North American continent, the conquest of Canada, the virtual destruction of Indians in the east, and the opening of a single major route to western expansion in North America.

Crocker shows how the ambitious Washington, despite causing an international incident at Jumonville’s Glen and more or less starting the French and Indian War, returned (on his own initiative) to take part in Braddock’s expedition (the first time British regulars were sent to the continent in force). Crocker deftly handles all of the political maneuvering that planning and funding the expedition would require. Washington’s motive was mainly to recover his reputation; he was planning to join the expedition at the outset and then abandon it at soon as the campaign reached a lull.

Crocker’s description of the march of Braddock’s forces is vivid and clearly demonstrates the logistical and political hurdles involved. Besides the difficult trek through the forest, Braddock also had to rely on Benjamin Franklin to secure wagons. Crocker’s description of how the French defeated Braddock in spite of inferior numbers is vivid and interesting, as is the setting and background. He also describes the aftermath, much of which dealt with renewed Indian warfare on the frontier. Crocker’s portrait of the hard-driven, hard-drinking Braddock is interesting, and Crocker argues that the general was more complicated and more competent than previous historians have suggested.

Crocker describes how the experience shaped Washington’s views on military leadership and reinforced his belief in the viability of a regular, professional army, his skepticism of volunteer militias, his aggression, and his micromanagement. The book is well-written and does a great job illustrating many of the challenges posed to the expedition by terrain.

The book has only a few minor problems. There’s the occasional breezy writing: “They [the Indians] were a fickle and confusing lot, one day siding with the English and the next with the French. Hardly worth trying to figure out...Cumberland knew he needed to have a tough and driven commander.” Or “The reason was logistics, the most boring of topics for many armchair generals. If truth be known, it also is for field commanders. It makes them grumpy.” At one point Crocker writes of “French Indians” attacking a baggage train. He also writes that the Braddock campaign is noteworthy for the first effective use of rifles in combat, although there is no real evidence to support this.
Profile Image for Brian .
975 reviews3 followers
January 27, 2013
Braddock’s March follows the 1755 assault by the British against Fort Duquesne in present day Pittsburgh to dislodge the French threat to the British colonies. It marked the first time that British troops had been deployed to the colonies and laid the groundwork for not only the 7 years war but the American Revolution. General Braddock was named commander of all British forces in North America and arrived with an army to dislodge the French including one of the largest assemblages of artillery to be seen in the 18th century on the American continent. Thomas Crocker tells in excellent detail the tale of how these men marched over wilderness, across sheer cliffs lugging cannons taken from British naval ships and stores for men to establish roads and outposts that would be used long after the country declared independence.
The arrival of many who would be pivotal in the revolution emerge during this time as well from George Washington who serves in the General’s advisory staff, to revolutionary officers like Daniel Boone, Horatio Gates, and Charles Lee to logistical organizers like Benjamin Franklin who secure the wagons necessary for the march. Even on the British side future General Gage will gain battle experience in the American wilderness. The arrival of the Europeans who quickly moved through Virginia and launched from Alexandria to meet at Fort Cumberland to being the trek to Duquesne was a political tour de force for the colonies and represented the fractured nature when Braddock tried to establish a common defense fund to pay for the expedition. The European armies were not prepared to move through the wilderness of American terrain and the usual European tactics would lead to disasters as France rallied its Indians and marched from Duquesne to meet the British in the wilderness. In what would turn into a rout with the death of General Braddock the French slaughtered the British and set the course for the 7 Years War and what would become known as the French and Indian War in the United States.
The author does an excellent job of looking at what went wrong at various stages throughout the war and the misconceptions on both sides. IT looks at how this war set the groundwork for the American Revolution and the identity the colonies would shape going forward. He keeps the pace moving and the reader engaged as the British struggle through the wilderness and for those who have spent any time in that part of Pennsylvania and Maryland will have an appreciation or what the army went through. While not a pivotal moment in the history of the American continent it was a great study in how the British empire became to be mismanaged in this part of the world.
11 reviews1 follower
June 11, 2020
Very enlightning. I misunderstood the march and battle until reading this book. So yes the French and Indians ambushed the British forces but the British and American forces fought for four hours before total retreat.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Kevin Barnes.
332 reviews2 followers
August 6, 2019
I enjoyed this book very much. I had heard of the battle many years ago in school but not much detail was given other then "The French and Indians" fought behind trees and the British stood in line like stones to be mowed down. I was happy to read the march route in current day name places. If I am ever in the area I will look for some of the sites. I think the Author Mr. Crocker did a great job of presenting this in a very easy to read fashion.

The story itself of the history of the march really brings home the hardship our forefathers had to just get from one place to another. I know its a what if, but had he survived and won the day after all, how or even will the Untied States come to be? That would be an interesting read.


Thank You Mr. Crocker, I feel you did the people on who you wrote about a great service, I liked that you gave or assigned no blame to anyone. Just the facts as you found them. Great job in my mind.
499 reviews3 followers
December 30, 2020
A interesting look into Braddock's march and the French and Indian war.
183 reviews6 followers
July 12, 2010
Interesting and well written book on the experience of General Braddock in America. Less a military history and more of a biography.

General Braddock was tapped by the military and political establishment to run one of three simultaneous columns against French strategic points in the North America. His target was Fort Duquesne at the forks of the Monongahela, Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. He made it within 10 miles of there when his column was ambushed and half of it was killed or captured including he.

The book is, to my mind, is also fairly charitable to Braddock. There is a saying that failure is an orphan, but it is clear that he had lots of assistance on this path. He stepped into the middle of several colonial political messes and did not handle them well. But then again, neither did the other participants, such as the legislatures and governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Both colonies stood to gain tremendously from his success. And both colonies badly mishandled the consequences of his defeat. Benjamin Franklin comes out of this episode as a surprising hero, btw. And many of the later Revolutionary military leadership participated in this attack.

A good read for anyone interested in Western Pennsylvania, the French and Indian War, and/or military history.

Profile Image for Keith McGowan.
Author 0 books
December 1, 2014
Although the author tries to portray Braddock in the most sympathetic light possible, he cannot change certain facts. Inexperienced in combat and convinced of the superiority of British soldiers, Braddock marched his troops into a French and Indian ambush. Although Braddock paid for his mistake with his life, his refusal to listen to either his Native American scouts and his American officers also cost the lives of two-thirds of his command.

Perhaps the best part of this book from a historical standpoint is the author's list at the end of the book of the participants in the campaign and the roles they subsequently played in the American Revolution. He also discusses the possible locations of the battlefield on modern maps and provides insights as to how the colonies might not have revolted if Braddock had been successful in defeating the French.

A word of caution to readers: the author describes the scalping of mortally wounded soldiers and the slow burning of captives while they were alive by the Native Americans.
Profile Image for John.
318 reviews7 followers
December 4, 2012
A very good history of the campaign, from the geopolitical context of the French-British relationship in North America, inception, organization, deployment and defeat. The author develops the background of most of the key players and their future roles in our history. He makes some suggestions but allows the reader to reach their own conclusions about the importance of the defeat in regard to the future history of North America. For the politically correct, it does nothing to create any respect for the indigenous Americans and their savagery.
117 reviews
February 19, 2010
The author had great material to work with. It is an interesting and less known story from our history. I thought he did a good job of presenting the facts. Unfortunately, his writing didn't really excite. I can't quite put my finger on why, but I thought it could have been an even better book. Still, it is worth reading.
Profile Image for Larry.
1,505 reviews94 followers
February 10, 2012
Braddock's defeat in July of 1755was a big event because it started to convince American colonists that the British army was vulnerable,especially to irregular warfare. It also created the first genuine congress of colonists--one that began to push back against British policies. Crocker's research is detailed, his writing is good (sometimes clever), and his account of the battle is detailed.
Profile Image for Tom.
449 reviews5 followers
November 30, 2009
A good book, though some of the author's conclusions about Braddock and his defeat are a bit overblown. Braddock's defeat did not change American History, British and American participation in the Seven years war did.
Profile Image for Ben Daghir.
101 reviews6 followers
June 6, 2015
Great depiction of the Revolutionary War. This book provides a new outlook on George Washington. It reveals one of America's most famous individuals as a person that needed practice, needed kicked around, and needed experience in order to lead a young country.
Profile Image for Steven.
263 reviews4 followers
Read
December 25, 2010
This was an excellent and through telling of this great story. Great detail. Struck me the similarities between Gen. Braddock's army and the Roman Legion ambushed in the Teutoberger Wald.
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