In this book, Gilbert Simondon unfolds out a new philosophy of technology. Perhaps most interestingly, this relates to the methodology by which he proposes to study technology. Moreover, his project is political insofar as it tries to tackle what he describes as an state of alienation between "man [sic]" and technics. Although the concept of alienation suggests a Marxist approach, Simondon actually takes quite a different approach. More on that below.
The book's initial summary nicely explain what this book is about. We learn that, according to Simondon, the technical object has never adequately become the concern of philosophical inquiry. Taking seriously the existence of technical objects will help lift "the burden of alienated human reality which is enclosed within the technical object" (p. xiii). What must be done is to introduce into culture a "representation and scale of values" that is adequate to the essence of technical objects. Methodologically, this will mean an analysis of the genesis of technical objects, which is to be located in a process of "concretization": a genesis that is particular to the technical object.
The prospectus, on the other hand, lays out how we can become aware of the mode of existence of technical objects; this entails three phases. The first of these seeks "to grasp the genesis of technical objects"; that is, the process of its concretization. The second phase envisions the "rapport between man and the technical object". This relates to the need for a deeper awareness of the ways in which humans and technical objects interrelate. Finally, in the third phase, we place the "technical object back into the ensemble of the real", which means that we seek to know the object according to its proper essence. Here, we will see Simondon unfold a theory that presupposes "the existence of a primitive mode of man's relation with the world, which is the magical mode" (p. xvii). The author stipulates that it is only philosophical thought that can introduce into culture an adequate representation of the technical object.
The introduction lays out these points in more detail, arguing against common understandings of technics as either mere assemblages of matter or as automata with hostile intentions against humans (p. 17); Simondon's project will be to formualte a more adequate account of the relation between humans and technics. His project is also political in the sense that he is interest in fostering new and better relations between humans and technics. His basic conceptual apparatus will distinguish between elements (tiny parts of machines), individuals (singular machines), and ensembles (the environments of machines); where he argues that technicity, today, emanates from ensembles.
In chapter 1, Simondon tackles the question of the genesis of technical objects as well as the process of concretization; he contrasts here abstract and concrete technical objects. The process of concretization is that process by which the elements in technical individuals come to function increasingly well together; a process by which an abstract technical object becomes increasingly concrete. Technical objects progress in this sense - their concretization increases - as a consequence of "the discovery of functional synergies" (p. 40). Importantly, the genesis of technical objects occurs not due to minor improvements, but as a consequence of "essential, discontinuous improvements, as a result of which the internal schema of the technical object is modified in leaps rather than following a continuous line" (p. 43). In fact, Simondon suggests that minor improvements are often merely a commercial trick to make it seem as though there were constant improvement of technics. He then goes on to suggest that there exists such a thing as "absolute origins" (p. 44) to technical objects; in such moments of absolute origin, there are new technical essences (p. 45) being created. Hence, he suggests: "The beginning of lineage of technical objects is marked by this synthetic act of invention constitutive of technical essence" (p. 46). He develops an interesting juxtaposition between abstract and concrete technical objects (p. 49), eventually likening concrete technical objects to the "mode of existence of natural objects" insofar as they are "tending toward internal coherence"; moreover, " as it evolves, this object loses its artificial character: the essential artificiality of an object resides in the fact that man must intervene to maintain the existence of this object by protecting it against the natural world, giving it a status of existence that stands apart." (p. 49). He elaborates on the likeness between concrete technical objects and natural objects in the following pages (p. 50). Methodologically, Simondon suggests the necessity to study the evolution of technical objects so as to discern the "Processes of concretization" as a tendency; yet only as a tendency that is never perfected.
The second chapter is on the "Evolution of Technical Reality: Element, Individual, Ensemble". [...].
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