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Brill Classics in Islam #2

Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam

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In Knowledge Triumphant, Franz Rosenthal observes that the Islamic civilization is one that is essentially characterized by knowledge ('ilm), for ''ilm is one of those concepts that have dominated Islam and given Muslim civilization its distinctive shape and complexion.

372 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2006

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About the author

Franz Rosenthal

69 books24 followers
Rosenthal was born in Berlin, Germany into a Jewish family, on August 31, 1914, and was the second son of Kurt W. Rosenthal, a flour merchant, and Elsa Rosenthal (née Kirschstein). He entered the University of Berlin in 1932, where he studied classics and oriental languages and civilizations. His teachers were Carl Becker (1876–1933), Richard Walzer (1900–75), and Hans Heinrich Schaeder (1896–1957). He received his Ph.D. in 1935 with a dissertation, supervised by Schaeder, on Palmyrenian inscriptions (Die Sprache der Palmyränischen Inschriften).

After teaching for a year in Florence, Italy, he became instructor at the Lehranstalt (formerly Hochschule) für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, a rabbinical seminary in Berlin. In 1938, he completed his history of Aramaic studies, which was awarded the Lidzbarski Medal and Prize from the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. The prize money was withheld from him because he was Jewish, yet on Schaeder's initiative, he was given a prize medal in gold to compensate him for the loss.

Shortly after the infamous Kristallnacht, Rosenthal left Germany in December 1938 and went to Sweden, where he was invited through the offices of the Swedish historian of religions H.S. Nyberg (1889–1974). From there he went to England, where he arrived in April 1939, and eventually came to the United States in 1940, having received an invitation to join the faculty of the Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati, Ohio. He became a US citizen in 1943 and during the war worked on translations from Arabic for the Office of Strategic Services in Washington, D.C. Following the war, he returned to academia, first at HUC and then in 1948 moved to the University of Pennsylvania. In 1956, he was appointed the Louis M. Rabinowitz Professor of Semitic Languages at Yale. He became a Sterling Professor in 1967 and emeritus in 1985.

Professor Rosenthal was a prolific and highly accomplished scholar who contributed much to the development of source-critical studies in Arabic in the US. His publications range from a monograph on Humor in Early Islam to a three-volume annotated translation of the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun to a Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. For his translation of the Muqaddimah, he traveled to Istanbul and studied the manuscript there, among them Ibn Khaldun's autograph copy. His 1952 History of Muslim Historiography was the first study of this enormous subject. He wrote extensively on Islamic civilization, including The Muslim Concept of Freedom, The Classical Heritage in Islam, The Herb: Hashish versus Medieval Muslim Society, Gambling in Islam, On Suicide in Islam and Sweeter Than Hope: Complaint and Hope in Medieval Islam, as well as three volumes of collected essays and two volumes of translations from the history of the medieval Persian historian al-Tabari, Knowledge Triumphant: The Concept of Knowledge in Medieval Islam (Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1970). Rosenthal continued to publish in German and in English. His books have been translated into Arabic, Russian, and Turkish.

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Profile Image for Jimmy Ele.
236 reviews95 followers
October 23, 2017
A monumental task to have surveyed so deeply into the annals of Medieval Islamic civilization's perspective on knowledge. Franz Rosenthal argues deftly that it was the main inspiring force behind the motivations of the different empires (which took up the banner). Quoting Plato, Jesus, Aristotle, Ghazalli, Ibn Taymiyyah, Imam Shafi'i and various other assorted prophets, imams, and teachers throughout; this work rarely becomes boring. It is interspersed with poetic anecdotes, funny stories, and wise sayings all revolving around Medieval Islam's high esteem for knowledge. Highly recommended for lover's of wisdom, history, and humanity in general.
Profile Image for Khalillaher.
49 reviews
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January 24, 2021
Rosenthal fails to identify the source of Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) deep respect for knowledge, he concludes that it must be due to an "outside influence" and he failed to realise that the "outside influence" is the Quran itself.
145 reviews10 followers
June 15, 2021
أكثر أمر لفت نظري في هذا الكتاب هو كثرة المراجع والمصادر التي رجع إليها المؤلف وتنوعها، شيء يبهرك جداً جداً.
Profile Image for Hadeel.
105 reviews22 followers
February 19, 2022
A very interesting compilation of the several definitions of knowledge in the Islamic tradition. It makes one bedazzled on the concept of knowledge and how it has been defined across the centuries.
Profile Image for Dženan Mušanović.
Author 4 books40 followers
May 19, 2021
Preimućstvo znanja

Čovjek ostaje znajući sve dok traga za znanjem i nastavlja učiti. Kada misli da zna, postao je neznalica.

Kao veliki poznavalac srednjovjekovlja, Franz Rosenthal u ovoj knjizi donosi vlastite učene analize, sinteze i saznanja kako je i zašto koncept 'ilma (znanja) bio osovina muslimanske/islamske civilizacije, napose u srednjovjekovnom islamu. Iako je istoimeni koncept postojao i u drugim civilizacijama, kulturama i religijama, nigdje drugo nije imao tako centralan status i tako važno mjesto kao u islamu. Dokazi koje Rosenthal prilaže i obrazlaže su nedvojbeni. Prije svega, uvrštavanje kitabu-l-'ilm (Knjige o znanju) u gotovo sve kanonske zbirke, uglavnom na početku ili na prikladnom i prigodno umetnutom mjestu. Potom, mnogobrojne rasprave iz teologije i jurisprudencije koje se uistinu bave 'ilmom (najčešće episteme), ma'rifom (koju će kasnije Rosenthal pomno obrađivati kroz poimanje znanja u sufizmu), hikmom (hagia) kao nečim od prvorazrednog značaja. Bavljenje znanjem i stjecanje istog imalo je životnu važnost za mutekellimune, fekihe, a onda i sve muslimane. Samo znanje je predstavljalo hranu za dušu i srce onako kako je to bila materijalna hrana za tijelo.

Znanje je svjetlost koju Bog pohranjuje u srce.

Ovo je samo jedna od mnogobrojnih donesenih definicija koje Rosenthal uspješno sukusira na jedno mjesto izvodeći ih iz mnoštva bogatog korpusa literature koju je konsultirao. Definicije su različito kategorizirane, te se njihova struktura i elementi mogu pratiti na više skalina, te je korisno i to što se na njih uvijek docnije može referirati i osvrnuti prilikom čitanja, ako se ukaže eventualna nejasnoća. Ujedno je ovdje spomenuta definicija vezana za poglavlje koje se u cjelini bavi percepcijom 'ilma u sufizmu.

Znanje je: islam, svjetlost, mišljenje, društvo

Kroz ove odrednice kreće se Rosenthalovo razmatranje znanja. Prije svega, nakon uvodnih napomena, on ulazi u predmnijevanja o znanju kroz poglavlja: Znanje prije znanja, Otkrovenje znanja, Mnoštva znanja. Potom nam daje jedan pregledan uvid u definicije znanja uz kratka bibliografska pojašnjenja i rekonstrukciju mogućih inspiracija i utjecaja. Potom prelazi na spomenute odrednice. Znanje je islam – značilo bi da je u periodu od Poslanikovih ashaba pa do kraja srednjeg vijeka, znanje bilo ključan termin u teologiji i pravnoj nauci, što i jeste. Argumentirano je pokazano da je sila koja je pogonila islamsku civilizaciju ka uspjehu, prosperitetu i napretku – žudnja za znanjem. Također, utvrđeno je koliku je ulogu i na koji način to znanje odigralo čak i u pravnoj nauci i šta se pod znanjem tu podrazumijevalo. Slijedi poglavlje znanje je svjetlost – što će reći, da je u simbolici sufijskog vokabulara nauka bila svjetlo (svjetlo uma, svjetlo srca), ono svjetlo koje Gazali raskriva u Niši svjetlosti, koje razumu omogućava da jasno percipira stvarnost, svjetlo koje predstavlja Objava za um. Zatim pratimo slijed poglavlja znanje je mišljenje – odnosno, koncept znanja u filozofiji, gdje je predstavljena spona helenske mudrosti i grčko-arapske prevodilačke djelatnosti koja je bila temeljna u prijenosu sve filozofije u arapski/islamski svijet. Rosenthal donosi i jednu interesantnu tabelu u kojoj prikazuje kako su prevođene pojedine riječi sa grčkog na arapski, koji su ekvivalenti pronalaženi što nam pomaže da anticipiramo razvoj pojedinih termina u ograncima teologije, a među njima i 'ilma. Na koncu, najduže poglavlje se bavi obrazovanjem (adabom). Širokopojasno, kakva je i cijela knjiga, autor zahvaća ponovno isto razdoblje sa drugim uvidima, te do kraja potvrđuje činjenicu da je muslimansko društvo napredovalo i napose trijumfiralo spram drugih, a i pojam 'ilma (znanja) je trijumfirao nad drugima, jer se nauci, knjizi, čitanju i pisanju posvećivala ogromna pažnja. Knjiga je uistinu plodonosna, pažljivom će čitatelju donijeti mnogo korisnih saznanja koja se ne mogu iznijeti niti sažeti u nekom kratkom osvrtu. Izuzetno učeno, eruditski, duboko, kompleksno a istovremeno tako važno, emfatično važno, neeluzivne naravi, lapidarnih saznanja i neizbrojivih koristi.



...ne treba zaboraviti da je istinsko etičko ponašanje u islamu predstavljeno kombiniranjem znanja i djelovanja.

Traganje za znanjem otvara put u Raj; učenjaci su odabraniji od pobožnih štovatelja za istu razinu za koju je pun mjesec odabraniji od svih drugih zvijezda...
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