India has a caste problem. Caste ( a fixed, graded inequality, which is a very aspect of Hinduism as a religion. It's not based on one's occupation (although it's made to be so), or one's food, the color of skin, or race. Rather, it's entirely based on where one is born in the religio-social hierarchal system. It's a system that does not allow someone born in the lower or untouchable caste to rise to the upper caste, or let the upper caste drop down to the lower ones, irrespective of someone's education, skills, etiquettes, genius, and moral upstanding). In India, caste is pervasive and affects every mundane activity of life. Simple, innocent aspects of life including what one can wear, what one can eat, whom one can love/marry, where one can live, the food or tradition or language, or the access to every day's markets, access to public goods, etc. depends on the workings and rules of caste. To put it simply, life in India, every aspect of it, is a function of caste.
Ambedkar, although widely recognized as the First Law Minister of India and the Chief Architect of the Indian constitution, is a fighter and leader who dedicated his entire life to abolishing caste and for the upliftment of the much afflicted Dalits (the marginalized community at the last end of the caste pyramid, formerly addressed as 'Untouchables'). His fighting against Hinduism sanctioned casteism (In his own words, "There is no casteism without Hinduism. There's no Hinduism without casteism.") not only involved activism but rather an intellectual deconstruction of the working of the casteism in the Hindu religion, which continues to inspire generations of scholars to understand, decode, de-legitimize the caste and manifestations in society. Much more, he gave the blueprint on the caste and its close working mechanism with the economic and cultural concentration of power within a few ruling castes. He is a genius, and many of his writings on caste and its manifestations stand a source of power and scholarship one can draw from, to understand, re-negotiate, and question the morality of casteism in India, thereby providing hope and voice to the worst afflicted marginal communities in India.
In this short 20 pages book, B.R.Ambedkar describes the untouchability and casteism he faced in India, in his everyday life. An accomplished scholar with a Master degree from Columbia University and a doctorate from London School of Economics, he recounts how he has forgotten about his 'untouchability' status while he was away from India. But, upon the return to his homeland, he was greeted with abuse and humiliation, and instances where his very life was threatened, just because of the caste he was born into.
In all the five different scenarios which Ambedkar describes here from his personal life, what is horrible (I howled internally) is that his entire existence, skills, intelligence, identity is reduced to being an 'Untouchable'. An irreconcilable and non-negotiable identity that warrants a higher caste person* to dehumanize and humiliate (even kill) the other person, and what's worse it draws the sanction for the same from the Hindu religion and the caste order it has prescribed in detail. To humiliate, threaten, dehumanize, scorn, discriminate, lynch, kill an 'untouchable' is very much sanctioned by the religion. To be a caste Hindu (aka a religious Hindu) means, one can be casteist, racist, and treat 'untouchables' not even worth as a human. By the standards of humanity, a casteist or a racist may not be a human at all. But, under the Hindu religion, this person would be a 'pious Hindu' following the sacred scriptures prescribing the caste codes.
The other lesson that Ambedkar makes clear here is the fact how religions such as Islam, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, which have no caste within them, actually have borrowed and assimilated caste practices from Hinduism within them. This explains very much why Ambedkar eventually chose and converted to Buddhism, a religion that had its origins in India and opposed casteist practices.
The other experience of him that made me shook (although I have read about these a lot) is the fact how casteism doesn't spare the treatment one bestows on a child. An 'untouchable' child is not a child but rather an 'untouchable'. Any ill-treatment, abuse against an 'untouchable' child is warranted by the casteism.
Lastly, I found myself shook to the core, when I realized that the entire 'untouchability' of casteism was working that prevented the 'untouchables' from having access to the innocuous, lovely gift of nature and the utmost necessity for life, Water. The brief recounts by Ambedkar of how he cannot open a tap to quench his thrust at his school; the experience of a young Dalit working at a government job was forced to spend days without water; or the stirring of the mob towards Ambedkar and his colleagues because they drank water from a public tap gave a shrill in my spine.
Although, this book was written years before when India was still without Independence, many of these injustices in the name of caste are very much alive in India today. There's a long fight ahead of every single person who wants to abolish caste in India, and no matter who begins this fight, they shall be doing the same under the torch and light ignited by B.R.Ambedkar.
This book is a must-read for anyone who wants to understand the caste and its manifestations in India. Highly recommended.
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* For an 'untouchable', who is at the lowest end of the caste pyramid, every single caste above is an 'upper caste'. And everyone does oppress them.
** Casteism is a graded inequality that places one caste above another. Like a million steps in a ladder. There are too many lower castes, and these castes are not even the same all over India. But, irrespective of the divisions at the lower level of the caste pyramid, the upper castes are the same all over India. And the lowest castes, 'untouchables' are the same all over India.
In other words, an upper-caste Brahmin from the South of India might find similarities and brotherhood in another upper-caste Brahmin from the North of India. But, the lower caste (with different names, identities, traditions, food habits, occupations etc) may not find solidarity or similar identities with the lower castes or groups beyond their region. Bertrand Russell once said that had the English found religion in India, they could have remained and ruled in India for a longer time. It's true!