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The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel

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Louise Michel was born illegitimate in 1830 and became a schoolmistress in Paris. She was involved in radical activities during the twilight of France’s Second Empire, and during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the siege of Paris. She was a leading member of the revolutionary groups controlling Montmarte. Michel emerged as one of the leaders of the insurrection during the Paris Commune of March-May 1871; and French anarchists saw her as martyr and saint – The Red Virgin. When the Versailles government crushed the Commune in May 1871, Michel was sentenced to exile in New Caledonia, until the general amnesty of 1880, when she returned to France and great popular acclaim and support from the working people of the country. Michel was arrested again during a demonstration in Paris in 1883 and sentenced to six years in prison. Pardoned after three years, she continued her speeches and writing, although she spent the greater part of her time from 1890 until her death in 1905 in England in self-imposed exile. It was during her prison term from 1883 to 1886 that she compiled her Memoires, now available in English.
            These memoirs offer readers a view of the non-Marxist left and give an in-depth look into the development of the revolutionary spirit. The early chapters treat her childhood, the development of her revolutionary feelings, and her training as a schoolteacher. The next section describes her activities as a schoolteacher in the Haute-Marne and Paris and therefore contains much of interest on education in 19th-century Europe. Her chapters on the siege of Paris, the Commune, and her first trial show those events from the point of view of a major participant. Of particular interest is a chapter on women’s rights, which Michel saw as part of the search for the rights of all people, male and female, and not as a separate struggle.
            The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel will be useful to both scholars and students of 19th-century French history and women’s studies.

240 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1886

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Louise Michel

112 books24 followers
Clémence-Louise Michel, dite Louise Michel, alias «Enjolras», était une institutrice, militante anarchiste, franc-maçonne, aux idées féministes et l’une des figures majeures de la Commune de Paris. (Source: Wikipedia)

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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
Profile Image for Gabrielle Dubois.
Author 55 books137 followers
February 18, 2021
Louise Michel est une femme complète. Son intelligence s’étend brillamment sur plusieurs domaines. Son esprit est ouvert en permanence au monde, sa flore, sa faune, ses hommes, ses femmes, ses enfants. Son cœur est assez grand pour accueillir les misérables de son siècle industriel et dur pour le petit peuple, les peuples d’origine et de coutumes différent de l’Occident comme les Canaques de Nouméa qu’elle rencontre et apprend à connaître alors qu’elle est déportée après la Commune de Parsi de 1871.
Louise Michel souhaite ardemment, de tout son cœur, de toute son intelligence, de toute sa compassion que le pain ne manque sur aucune table, que les filles puissent accéder à l’éducation, que les femmes soient les égales des hommes.
Préface de 1886: "Ceux qui l’approchent pour la première fois sont tout stupéfaits de se trouver en face d’une femme à l’abord sympathique, à la voix douce, aux yeux pétillants d’intelligence et respirant la bonté. Dès qu’on a causé un quart d’heure avec elle, toutes les préventions s’effacent, tous les partis pris disparaissent: on se trouve subjugué, charmé, fasciné, conquis. On peut repousser ses idées, blâmer ses actes ; on ne saurait s’empêcher de l’aimer et de respecter, même dans leurs écarts, les convictions ardents et sincères qui l’animent." Elle vouait une véritable adoration à sa mère que pourtant ses périlleuses aventures, ses engagements risqués ont fait vieillir prématurément. L.M. "a conservé une jeunesse de cœur et d’allures, une fraîcheur de sentiments qui lui donnent un charme incroyable: câline, tendre, affectueuse, se laissant gronder par ses amis et les tourmentant, de son côté, avec une mutinerie de jeune fille."
Louise Michel est une femme de tant de richesses!
Sa sensibilité l’a faite poète. Ses poèmes sont nombreux, certains sont perdus. Ses pages décrivant la flore de Nouméa sont absolument magnifiques. Cette nature qu’on croit statique bouge sous sa plume, évolue, va, vient, se transforme et renaît dans un mouvement perpétuel merveilleusement rendu où les formes et les couleurs vous sautent aux yeux.
Sa curiosité scientifique l’a faite botaniste. Déportée en Nouvelle-Calédonie, elle vaccine des papayers avec la sève de papayers malades de la jaunisse, les papayers vaccinés attrapent la maladie et en guérissent… avant Pasteur!
Lisez ce témoignage pour l’enfance de cette femme hors du commun, son amour pour les animaux, les enfants, ses réflexions sur la mort, son écriture qui semble simple mais qui est pleine de sentiments et de pensée.
Louise Michel et les misérables: "Si seulement les enfants avaient du pain à l’appétit de leurs jeunes dents avides de petits loups humains, qui ne trouvent rien, même en sortant du bois ! Rien ! Je me trompe, ils trouveront la maison de correction, où la dureté avec laquelle ils sont traités prépare de futurs condamnés à mort ou au bagne."
Louise Michel et les femmes: "S’il est opportun à certaines gens que la fille du peuple soit dans la rue sous la pluie et la honte pour sauvegarder la fille du riche, s’il leur plaît de conduire par troupeau les femmes au lupanar; nous, qui ne voulons plus d’achat et de vente de chair humaine, nous disons bien haut: Plus de questions personnelles ni de questions de sexe!"
Louise Michel et le mariage: Alors qu’elle a douze ou treize ans, Louise Michel est demandée en mariage à ses grands-parents par deux hommes d’un certain âge, successivement. L. M. refuse le premier en citant une farce de Molière ! et le deuxième, qui a un œil de verre, en lui demandant, faussement naïve: "Monsieur, est-ce que l’autre est en verre, aussi?" Plus sérieusement, elle en tire des réflexions sur le mariage: Ces deux prétendants "faisaient la paire. Même idée de choisir une fiancée toute jeune et de la faire repétrir comme une cire molle pendant quelques années avant de se l’offrir en holocauste."
Louise Michel et la révolution: "L’être, comme la race, monte et s’épanouit en feuilles et en fleurs. Pareils aux fruits verts, nous ne serons bons qu’à engraisser le sol, mais ceux qui viendront après nous porteront semence pour la justice et la liberté. La sève qui monte, à notre époque de transition, est puissante. Il ne peut naître aujourd’hui que des croissements humains, à travers des vicissitudes infinies, que des races révolutionnaires, chez ceux mêmes qui nient l’imminence de la Révolution… Salut à l’humanité libre et forte qui ne comprendra pas comment si longtemps nous avons végété, pareils à nos aïeux des cavernes, ne dévorant plus la chair les uns des autres (nous ne sommes plus assez forts), mais dévorant leur vie."
Louise Michel et les femmes de la Commune : "La femme, cette prétendue faible de cœur, sait plus que l’homme dire: Il le faut! Elle se sent déchirée jusqu’aux entrailles, mais elle reste impassible. Sans haine, sans colère, sans pitié pour elle-même ni pour les autres, il le faut, que le cœur saigne ou non."
Louise Michel et l’avenir: "Dominer, c’est être tyran, être dominés, c’est être lâches!... Et le lendemain? dit-on. Eh bien, le lendemain, il est l’humanité nouvelle, elle s’arrangera dans ce monde nouveau : est-ce que nous pouvons comprendre ce lendemain-là ?… En révolution, l’époque qui copie est perdue, il faut aller en avant."
Profile Image for Micah Perry.
8 reviews2 followers
July 25, 2015
The first hand accounts alone are absolutely spellbinding except these words are arranged by a poetic soul elevating the work beyond my description. All I can tell you is this work has changed my life in countless ways though among them
1 going vegan and committing my life to an ethical lifestyle
2 taking interest in racial separations and amending these
3 allowing my life to be guided by Anarchist principle

These have led me to a much lighter and happier life. Her writing is so easy to read it's like the flow or rhythm just pulls you along.
Profile Image for Jessica .
116 reviews
April 22, 2007
Another elegant author, upstanding anarchist and inspiration for teaching. She never compromised, followed her heart and never displayed fear or doubt.
Profile Image for Avril_ITC.
32 reviews1 follower
September 12, 2025
Au premier abord, lire des mémoires datant du 19e siècle n'est pas sexy, et pourtant, quelle lecture ! Quelle femme et quel honneur de lire Louise Michel racontée par elle-même.

Je ressort de ses Mémoires avec de l'admiration et un profond respect devant une telle intégrité et une aussi grande humilité, ce malgré l'ampleur de ses combats, de son engagement et de ses actes, et leur importance au regard de l'Histoire. Louise Michel était brillante et son style d'écriture le prouve: tantôt poétique, tantôt drôle et tantôt mélancolique.
31 reviews
October 16, 2023
Très intéressant mais pas simple à lire. Louise Michel raconte ses souvenirs comme ils viennent, il n'y a pas vraiment d'ordre chronologique et cela rend difficile la lecture.
Profile Image for Emmeline.
6 reviews1 follower
Want to read
April 25, 2013
Within three pages from her communard chapters: "launching balloons filled with letters to the provinces" (65); "we drank some coffee in the teeth of death" anecdote (66); when Dombrowski holds out his hands to Louise Michel before going to his death ("'It's over,' he told me. 'No, no,' I said to him... But he was right" [67]). Impossible to not feel romantic about this.
Profile Image for Nicole Davis.
9 reviews2 followers
December 10, 2009
The memoirs of a woman on the front lines of the battle for the Paris Commune. Very interesting and somewhat poetic.
Profile Image for Alec Fletcher.
35 reviews5 followers
August 24, 2018
In these memoirs, written mostly while in prison in the 1880s, Louise Michel provides an account of her life as an activist and leader of the French radical left. Haunted by the recent death of her mother, she often writes from a place of gritty despair, proclaiming several times that nothing that happens could possibly hurt her further, and that this only makes her a more-committed servant of the Social Revolution.

The Social Revolution, other than a friend Marie and her mother, both dead at the time of writing, is Michel's greatest love. Everything she does she does to help advance the day that this Revolution will come, a day on which all people will be free and power will be, for the first time, truly shared. An emotional anarchist rather than a logical Marxist, her dreams for the future truly feel like dreams. She did not engage with intellectual socialistic theory and did not care for political organization, such as that the Marxists would one day form. To her, any individual who held power, be he a Marxist or an Emperor, would become corrupted.

Thus her imagined future does feel imaginary. She believes that it will come about because people are good, and because they will not abide terrific injustices forever, but she has no Marxist formula--for her there will simply come a day when people will throw off their shackles. Until then, she gives speeches and tries to raise money for activists. The earnestness of her belief is perhaps the most refreshing, thing about the memoir. Through her writing, one can feel as she feels. And though these feelings are often full of despair, there is always that glorious hope that resides within her, that all of her contemporary miseries were working toward that fateful day, that Revolution. In this, her beliefs resemble religion. The eschatologies are similar, though hers is based on earthly achievements.

With often-poetic language, She illustrates how a little girl appalled by the torture of animals grew into the determined, empathetic woman of her maturity. From her early days, she rankled against authority and injustice. These sections have the most levity, as you get the sense that she is enjoying the recollection of these youthful scenes.

After living her young adulthood as a Paris schoolmistress in the working-class neighborhood of Montmartre, she joined with others to take advantage of the revolutionary opportunity given by the devastating Franco-Prussian war, establishing the Paris Commune in 1871. Having been intrigued by the Commune for a while now, this was the part I was most interested in, but her account of it is quite short. Her humility somewhat hampers the informational component of the memoir--though it is evident that she is a major national figure, with friends who lead radical societies and followers that number in the thousands, the memoir does not detail what gained her such status.

Ultimately, the memoir is a remarkable read because of the sincerity of the sentences written within it. There are so many quotes about the terrors imposed by governments and the miseries experienced by the proletariat--women, especially. There are no barriers to understanding Michel--everything is on the page. Her words communicate across centuries. The injustices she deplores still exist.
Profile Image for Jeff.
44 reviews24 followers
December 7, 2018
Louise Michelle was an anarchist, a feminist and an ardent advocate for animal rights in the 18th Century. She was a dedicated teacher throughout her life. When the free city of Paris formed the Commune, she fought bravely to defend it. She was arrested and spent years in exile in New Caledonia. She came back to France to great public acclaim. Her stories are genuinely entertaining and inspirational. In spite of all she endured, she never lost hope or gave up or sold out.
Profile Image for Pierre-Olivier.
236 reviews2 followers
December 29, 2021
Écrits sous forme de manuscrit , en formule journal intime , l’auteur passe du coq à l’âne dans un langage lyrique , sans vraiment offrir de contexte. Quelques poèmes sont vraiment magnifique mais le style d’écriture est tellement mais tellement dur à suivre et à lire. Œuvre décevante pour être honnête, j’aurais aimer lire les idées de Louise Michel.
Profile Image for Gabrielle.
74 reviews2 followers
Read
April 25, 2023
pas tout fini, je finirai pas. Trop le bordel, intéressant juste si l'on veut se renseigner encore +++ sur la Commune et la pensée anarchiste. Ses poèmes sont très cringe... but on sent l'intention, la volonté de réunir, c'est fort
Profile Image for Giulia Angelica.
156 reviews25 followers
May 16, 2022
Louise Michel was such an extraordinary woman. I will treasure these precious memories of her within myself forever. I wish I could’ve met her.

Vive Louise Michel ! Vive la Commune !
89 reviews
August 21, 2023
Un personnage hors du commun, une plume hors norme !
Profile Image for Cristina Contilli.
Author 136 books18 followers
Read
April 9, 2013
DA CONSULTAZIONE...

L’anarchica Louise Michel (1830-1905) amica e “mito” di Madeleine Pelletier.
Louise Michel era chiamata la “vierge rouge” perché aveva scelto di dare la precedenza all’impegno politico e di rinunciare ad avere una vita sentimentale. La verginità di Madeleine e della sua amica Arria Ly mi sembra quindi una scelta ideologica più che un semplice fatto fisico, modulata sulla scia dell’esempio della Michel, ma è difficile rinunciare per sempre all’amore e così la Michel ebbe una relazione con Theophile Ferré, suo compagno di lotta durante la Comune di Parigi e io penso che anche a Madeleine potrebbe essere accaduta la stessa cosa con Gustave Hervé. Louise Michel era nata nel 1830, quindi all’epoca della relazione con Ferrè che era più giovane di lei, aveva intorno ai 40 anni e ugualmente Madeleine era nel 1912-1913 alla soglia dei quarant’anni, essendo nata nel 1874. Anche su Louise come su Madeleine pesava all’epoca il sospetto di aver avuto inoltre delle relazioni che andavano oltre l’amicizia con l’anarchica Natalie Leme e la socialista Paule Minck. All’inizio del suo romanzo parzialmente autobiografico “La femme vierge” Madeleine racconta che la protagonista era rimasta colpita negativamente dai versi un po’ volgari di una canzone popolare che girava per le strade di Parigi e che recitava: “Louise Michel n'est plus demoiselle; / Tant pis pour elle, / C'est Rochefort qui lui a pris / Tant mieux pour lui.» Rochefort è il giornalista Henri Rochefort che nel 1871 era stato deportato in Nuova Caledonia assieme alla Michel e ad altri anarchici. Di recente è anche emerso che la Michel nel 1851 si era innamorata dello scrittore Victor Hugo e aveva avuto da lui una figlia, chiamata Victorine. Considerando che nel 1913-1914 Madeleine resta per settimane senza dare notizie alle sue migliori amiche come Arria Ly e Caroline Kaufmann che, a loro volta, non riuscendo a capire i motivi del suo silenzio, ci speculano sopra passando dall’ipotizzare dei segreti legati all’appartenenza di Madeleine alla massoneria fino ad un’allusione ad una presunta figlia adottiva della stessa Madeleine, io credo invece che dietro questo silenzio Madeleine abbia voluto nascondere la sua relazione con Hervé e che e citando la Michel abbia voluto dire tra le righe ai lettori del proprio romanzo che la storia di Louise Michel era in un certo anche la sua storia.
Profile Image for Jade Maitre.
Author 149 books5 followers
June 15, 2017
A magnificent work. Louise was such a unique, courageous, eloquent and sensual woman, and her memoirs reflect this. I am grateful she left so much of herself in writing these memoirs, as they help preserve a small element of what made her so special, as well as preserving the memory of many other communards who left much less behind them.
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