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Napoleon III, originally Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, known as Louis Napoleon, a nephew of Napoleon I Bonaparte, led the opposition to Louis Philippe as president of the second Republic from 1848, proclaimed emperor of the French from 1852, instituted reforms, and rebuilt Paris; a failed campaign in Mexico from 1861 to 1867 overshadowed his successful ventures, and the Prussian war resulted in his deposition in 1870 before it ended in 1871.
Georges Eugène Haussmann oversaw numerous municipal improvements to Paris during the tenure of Napoleon III.