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Parallel Myths
"Unusually accessible and useful . . . An eye-opener to readers into the universality and importance of myth in human history and culture."--William E. Paden, Chair, Department of Religion, University of Vermont
For as long as human beings have had language, they have had myths. Mythology is our earliest form of literary expression and the foundation of all history and morality. Now, in Parallel Myths, classical scholar J. F. Bierlein gathers the key myths from all of the world's major traditions and reveals their common themes, images, and meanings.
Parallel Myths introduces us to the star players in the world's great myths--not only the twelve Olympians of Greek mythology, but the stern Norse Pantheon, the mysterious gods of India, the Egyptian Ennead, and the powerful deities of Native Americans, the Chinese, and the various cultures of Africa and Oceania. Juxtaposing the most potent stories and symbols from each tradition, Bierlein explores the parallels in such key topics as creation myths, flood myths, tales of love, morality myths, underworld myths, and visions of the Apocalypse. Drawing on the work of Joseph Campbell, Mircea Eliade, Carl Jung, Karl Jaspers, Claude L�vi-Strauss, and others, Bierlein also contemplates what myths mean, how to identify and interpret the parallels in myths, and how mythology has influenced twentieth-century psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and literary studies.
"A first-class introduction to mythology . . . Written with great clarity and sensitivity."--John G. Selby, Associate Professor, Roanoke College
For as long as human beings have had language, they have had myths. Mythology is our earliest form of literary expression and the foundation of all history and morality. Now, in Parallel Myths, classical scholar J. F. Bierlein gathers the key myths from all of the world's major traditions and reveals their common themes, images, and meanings.
Parallel Myths introduces us to the star players in the world's great myths--not only the twelve Olympians of Greek mythology, but the stern Norse Pantheon, the mysterious gods of India, the Egyptian Ennead, and the powerful deities of Native Americans, the Chinese, and the various cultures of Africa and Oceania. Juxtaposing the most potent stories and symbols from each tradition, Bierlein explores the parallels in such key topics as creation myths, flood myths, tales of love, morality myths, underworld myths, and visions of the Apocalypse. Drawing on the work of Joseph Campbell, Mircea Eliade, Carl Jung, Karl Jaspers, Claude L�vi-Strauss, and others, Bierlein also contemplates what myths mean, how to identify and interpret the parallels in myths, and how mythology has influenced twentieth-century psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and literary studies.
"A first-class introduction to mythology . . . Written with great clarity and sensitivity."--John G. Selby, Associate Professor, Roanoke College
353 pages, Paperback
First published October 11, 1994
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February 25, 2020
این کتاب به هیچ وجه برای تحقیق عمیق درباره اسطوره نیست و صرفا برای آشنایی اولیه با بعضی از اساطیر که معمولا مورد کم توجهی واقع میشن خوبه.
بیشتر از نصف کتاب صرفا داستان های اساطیری در دسته بندی های مختلف از داستان های آفرینش و دوران اولیه، تا داستان های اخر ازمانی و دنیای پس از مرگ رو پوشش میده که خیلی سطحی و گذراست و به غیر از چند مورد معدود سعی در بررسی شباهت های داستانی نمیکنه. اواخر کتاب هم تازه میاد یکم از جنبه های مختلف مثل تاریخی، مذهبی، فلسفی و جامعه شناسی اساطیر رو بررسی کنه که اون هم صرفا به نقل قول از چند فیلسوف و جامعه شناس محدود میشه و کلا فرصت نمیکه خیلی وارد دستان بشه.
در کل کتابی نبود که خیلی بخواد ریز بشه تو موضوعات. ولی صرفا جهت آشنایی اولیه با داستان ها و مراجع و اشخاص این حوزه چیز بدی نیست.
بیشتر از نصف کتاب صرفا داستان های اساطیری در دسته بندی های مختلف از داستان های آفرینش و دوران اولیه، تا داستان های اخر ازمانی و دنیای پس از مرگ رو پوشش میده که خیلی سطحی و گذراست و به غیر از چند مورد معدود سعی در بررسی شباهت های داستانی نمیکنه. اواخر کتاب هم تازه میاد یکم از جنبه های مختلف مثل تاریخی، مذهبی، فلسفی و جامعه شناسی اساطیر رو بررسی کنه که اون هم صرفا به نقل قول از چند فیلسوف و جامعه شناس محدود میشه و کلا فرصت نمیکه خیلی وارد دستان بشه.
در کل کتابی نبود که خیلی بخواد ریز بشه تو موضوعات. ولی صرفا جهت آشنایی اولیه با داستان ها و مراجع و اشخاص این حوزه چیز بدی نیست.
April 25, 2024
اسطوره آینهای ازلی است که خود را در آن میبینیم.
از کجا آمدهام،
آمدنم بهر چه بود؟
بشر از دیرباز پی ریشههای وجودی خود گشته است. برای پاسخ به این دست پرسشهای بنیادین و توجیه هستی به جای نیستی، در زمانهای پیش از تاریخ که نه علم وجود داشت و نه حتی شاید زبان، تصورات خود از خاستگاه و جایگاهش در عالم را ابتدا روی دیوارههای غارها نقش زد و سپس، دور آتش قصهها بافت.
با گسترش حلقههای نشسته دور آتش به کُپه کُپه خانههای سرهمبندی شده کنار هم و بوجود آمدن جوامع اولیه، قصهها آنقدر اشاعه یافت تا تبدیل به باور شد.
ریسمانی شد برای چنگ زدن و وحدت یافتن در کنار کسانی که بقایت در گرو حفظ ارتباط با ایشان بود.
آیینی شد برای جشن گرفتن زندگی، برای یک روز دیگر آفتاب را دیدن، برای یک روز دیگر سر سیر بر بالین نهادن.
حکایتی شد درهمتنیده با تاریخ جهان از ابتدای زمان.
کورسویی شد در تاریکیهای ذهن برای تمسک جستن و کورمال کورمال درصدد کشف گوشههای خویشتن و جهان پیرامون برآمدن.
حکایتها، قصههای پریان، ادبیات، حماسهها، قصههای کنار آتش و متون مقدس ادیان بزرگ همگی بستههایی از اسطورهاند که به فراسوی زمان، مکان و فرهنگ گام مینهند.
انسانها، خدایان خود را در شمایل خویش آفریدند و آنها را ویژگیهایی انسانی بخشیدند تا بستایند هر آنچه را که ستودنیست و بنکوهند هر آنچه را که نکوهیدنیست. نیروهای طبیعت را انسانریخت پرستیدند تا دریابند آنچه را که چیرگی بر آن نداشتند. خدایان، بیان دغدغه غایی بشر بودند که به صورتهای گوناگون هستی حیوانی و انسانی نمادین شدند و آنگاه که دست از سخن گفتن از این دغدغهها کشیدند، به گورگاه فراموشی سپرده شدند.
با پیشرفت اندیشه و انباشتن بر ذخیرهی خرد، کمکم هرآنچه از قصههای اولیه که بر دانش جدید تطبیق نمییافت، منسوخ شد و معنی واژهی اسطوره (میث*) بدل به "دروغین و ناحقیقت" گشت.
مذاهب گستردهتری نیز که بر پایهی اساطیر ساخته شده بودند، از بودیسم و یهودیت گرفته تا اسلام، هرچند در تلاش برای تطبیق با علم نوین برمیآمدند اما پابهپا نتوانستند ماند و روزبهروز از عظمتشان بیشتر فرومیریزد.
آنچه در ارتباط با اساطیر قابل توجه است، وجود المانها و الگوهایی تکرارشونده و همسان (مانند درختها و مارهای افسانههای آفرینش یا نجات برگزیدهها در افسانههای سیل)، بین جوامعیست که محورهای فضا-زمان امکان هرگونه برخورد و تعاملی را بین آنها غیرممکن میسازد.
برای توضیح در این زمینه، میان اسطورهشناسان دو رویکرد وجود دارد:
۱. فرض اشاعه از اولین جوامع یکجانشین در منطقهی بینالنهرین با مهاجرت و جمعیتپراکنی به سایر نقاط جهان.
۲. فرض وجود طرحوارههایی یکسان در نفس و ضمیر نوع بشر که آنها را تحت هر شرایطی به نتیجهگیری یکسان سوق میدهد.
از دیدگاه فروید، اسطوره نوعی فرافکنی جمعی فرایندهایی است که در ضمیر ناخودآگاه اتفاق میافتد، و به عبارت دیگر نوعی رویای مشترک است. اما فروید به خلاف باستین و یونگ، احساس میکرد که این انگارهها محصول خاطرات فردی سرکوبشده در دوران کودکی هستند که در زبان خودآگاه بیان میشوند و نه محصول یک ناحیه اسطورهسازی جهانی در ناخودآگاه که در همه افراد بشر مشترک باشد. تبیین فروید از اسطورههای موازی این بود که هر کسی در جهان یک مادر و پدر دارد، و لذا انگارههای ناخودآگاه شخصی در فرهنگهای مختلف با هم شباهت دارند.
یونگ به پیروی از فروید، بر این باور بود که انگارههای موجود در رویاها و اسطورههای ما قطعاً با هم مرتبطند. اما بر این عقیده نبود که آنها محصول خاطرات شخصی هستند. از دیدگاه یونگ این انگارهها جهانشمول و در میان همه انسانها مشترک بودند.
وی معتقد بود، متن رویاها و اسطورههای ما در ناخودآگاه جمعی حضور دارد (لایهای عمیقتر از ناخودآگاه شخصی است که از تجربهی شخصی بدست نمیآید بلکه ذاتی و مادرزاد است) و حروف یا نویسههای آن را "کهن الگوها" مینامد.
کهن الگوها در پژوهشهای اسطوره شناختی "نقشمایهها" نامیده میشوند. در روانشناسی اقوام ابتدایی بر مفهوم "بازنماییهای جمعی" لویبرول منطبقند، و در مطالعه تطبیقی دین، هیوبرت و موس، آنها را "مقولههای تخیل" نامیدهاند. آدولف باستین سالهای قبل آنها را "اندیشههای اولیه یا بنیادین" نامید.
* Myth
August 13, 2019
بیشترِ کتاب اختصاص دارد به بازگویی اسطورههای ملل مختلف در قالب دستهبندیهای موضوعی از قبیل آفرینش، قیامت، عشق، دنیای مردگان، اخلاق و غیره. چنانچه در هر فصل، اسطورههایی از چین، یونان، هند، ایران، آفریقا، آمریکا و دیگر بخشهای دنیا باز گو میشود.
کتاب مقدمهای برای شروع و مؤخرهای برای جمعبندی مطالب دارد. مقدمه در تحلیل ضعیف و مؤخره از این نظر کمی پختهتر است. حاصل کار کشکولیست از اساطیر و بریدههایی از مقالات و کتب صاحبنظران رشتههای گوناگون از فلسفه و جامعهشناسی گرفته تا متکلمان مسیحی و یهودی. نویسنده چیزهای با ارزشی را کنار هم آورده ولی در تحلیل و چسباندن مطالب به هم دچار آشفتگی و پراکندگی میشود.
مؤخرهی کتاب از جمله به دو رویکرد رقیب برای توجیه توازی و تشابه اسطورهها میپردازد. رویکرد «اشاعهای» معتقد به حرکت اساطیر از زادگاههایی مشخص به سراسر جهان است. در مقابل رویکرد «روانشناختی» انسانها را چنان شبیه میداند که به رغم فاصلهی جغرافیایی، فرآوردههای ذهنی مشابهی دارند.
همچنین در فصلهای پایانی شاهد دوگانهی آشنایی هستیم که در یک سوی آن علم، اثباتگرایی، سکولاریسم، غایتگرایی و در سوی دیگر معتقدان به امکان معرفت در دین و اسطوره قرار دارند. بین این دو اتهامات مختلفی از قبیل تقلیلگرایی، عدم تواضع در معرفت، فقدان چرایی، و غیر علمی بودن، منسوخشدگی و بسیاری دیگر تبادل میشود. در میان بسیار نامها، کتاب به آرای یاسپرس و هگل هم میپردازد که خواندنیست.
بخشی از منابع کتاب برای بازگویی اساطیر، کتب دین یهود، اسلام و مسیحیت است. همچنین در بحثهای تحلیلی فصلهای انتهایی مرز اسطوره و دین به درستی کمرنگتر میشود و در نتیجه بحثها هر دو را پوشش میدهند و این خود مطالب را خواندنیتر میکند.
از پنج، به کتاب چهار امتیاز میدهم برای گردآوری مطالبی که گرچه به هم وصله و پینه میشوند، همچنان خواندنیاند.
پیش از این، ترجمهی کتاب زیر در مورد اسطوره را خواندهام:
Myth: A Very Short Introduction
هر دو کتاب با ارزشاند. در مقام مقایسه، از محاسن کتاب جاری این است که خود اسطورهها را هم بازگو میکند و صرفاً تحلیلی نیست. وصلهپینهای است ولی بریدههایی را به هم وصله میزند که در نهایت در ذهن تصویر بهتری میسازد. از این رو کتاب جاری را بر دیگری ترجیح میدهم. ولی در نهایت فکر میکنم، کتابهایی باید باشند از این دو در تحلیل پختهتر.
کتاب مقدمهای برای شروع و مؤخرهای برای جمعبندی مطالب دارد. مقدمه در تحلیل ضعیف و مؤخره از این نظر کمی پختهتر است. حاصل کار کشکولیست از اساطیر و بریدههایی از مقالات و کتب صاحبنظران رشتههای گوناگون از فلسفه و جامعهشناسی گرفته تا متکلمان مسیحی و یهودی. نویسنده چیزهای با ارزشی را کنار هم آورده ولی در تحلیل و چسباندن مطالب به هم دچار آشفتگی و پراکندگی میشود.
مؤخرهی کتاب از جمله به دو رویکرد رقیب برای توجیه توازی و تشابه اسطورهها میپردازد. رویکرد «اشاعهای» معتقد به حرکت اساطیر از زادگاههایی مشخص به سراسر جهان است. در مقابل رویکرد «روانشناختی» انسانها را چنان شبیه میداند که به رغم فاصلهی جغرافیایی، فرآوردههای ذهنی مشابهی دارند.
همچنین در فصلهای پایانی شاهد دوگانهی آشنایی هستیم که در یک سوی آن علم، اثباتگرایی، سکولاریسم، غایتگرایی و در سوی دیگر معتقدان به امکان معرفت در دین و اسطوره قرار دارند. بین این دو اتهامات مختلفی از قبیل تقلیلگرایی، عدم تواضع در معرفت، فقدان چرایی، و غیر علمی بودن، منسوخشدگی و بسیاری دیگر تبادل میشود. در میان بسیار نامها، کتاب به آرای یاسپرس و هگل هم میپردازد که خواندنیست.
بخشی از منابع کتاب برای بازگویی اساطیر، کتب دین یهود، اسلام و مسیحیت است. همچنین در بحثهای تحلیلی فصلهای انتهایی مرز اسطوره و دین به درستی کمرنگتر میشود و در نتیجه بحثها هر دو را پوشش میدهند و این خود مطالب را خواندنیتر میکند.
از پنج، به کتاب چهار امتیاز میدهم برای گردآوری مطالبی که گرچه به هم وصله و پینه میشوند، همچنان خواندنیاند.
پیش از این، ترجمهی کتاب زیر در مورد اسطوره را خواندهام:
Myth: A Very Short Introduction
هر دو کتاب با ارزشاند. در مقام مقایسه، از محاسن کتاب جاری این است که خود اسطورهها را هم بازگو میکند و صرفاً تحلیلی نیست. وصلهپینهای است ولی بریدههایی را به هم وصله میزند که در نهایت در ذهن تصویر بهتری میسازد. از این رو کتاب جاری را بر دیگری ترجیح میدهم. ولی در نهایت فکر میکنم، کتابهایی باید باشند از این دو در تحلیل پختهتر.
July 10, 2020
این یکی از معقولترین کتابها برای شروع اسطورهشناسیه. کتاب شبیه به دایرةالمعارف میمونه و بخشهای مختلف و کوتاهکوتاه داره. کاری که من موقع خوندن این کتاب کردم این بود که اون اسطورههایی که تعریف جالبی داشتن و دلم میخواست بیشتر راجع بهشون بخونم رو یادداشت میکردم و بعد دنبال منبع معتبرش میگشتم. اگر چیزی از اسطورهها نمیدونید، شروع خوبیه.
March 4, 2012
I was greatly looking forward to re-reading this book for a book club and I was somewhat letdown. I am a bit of a student of mythology so I was quite excited to find a book that purported to draw on the work of Joseph Campbell, C.G. Jung, and Mircea Eliade. I found this book useful as a broad survey of censored myths. It is an easy and enjoyable read. I was disturbed, by some of the sloppiness. Just starting the book I soon found some embarrassing errors.
Page 6
MARS - the Mars bar was not directly named for the Roman god. “The Mars Bar was first created in 1936 and has become an instantly recognisable worldwide brand. However, in the United States, it is known as Milky Way. In the U.S., the Mars name was used until 2000 for a different bar, now known as Snickers Almond. (The worldwide Milky Way bar is known as 3 Musketeers in Canada and the U.S.; there is no longer a "Mars Bar" on the U.S. market.)” Further, it was named in 1936. Mars had been a hot topic since the publication of H.G. Wells' "War of the Worlds in 1898". The reddish interior of the bar sort of resembles the planet Mars, the flavour being out of this world. Source(s): www.spiritus-temporis.com/ & www.mars.com/
London - The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman (and possibly pre-Celtic) in origin, although there has been no consensus on what it means. It was common practice for Romans to adopt native names for new settlements. A common theory is that the name derives from a hypothetical Celtic place name, Londinion which may have been derived from the personal name Londinos, from the word lond, meaning 'wild'. The Celts themselves did not call it Londinium or any name attributed to Lugh (unlike Lyons in France). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Lo...
Jupiter – Though similar to the Greece God Zeus, through the eventual assimilation of Greek gods by the Romans. They are quite different (see www.nowpublic.com/culture/zeus-or-jup... point could be argued as a splitting hairs piece.
Page 11
"... the Egyptian year consisted of 13 lunar months of 30 days each, or 360 days."
Actually, 13 lunar months (30 days) are 390 days, 12 months of 30 days is 360 days, 13 lunar months (28 days) is 364 days.
Page 71
Apsu is described as the "sky god." No, An (or Anu) was the sky god, Apsu was the creature representing the freshwater abyss.
And the list on errors unfortunately goes on. One could say that the information/research was not available in the 1990 to catch these errors. Unfortunately, most of the data I quote was around since the 1980’s. This is a shame because this ambitious undertaking and useful comparison is marred by this careless – an error that makes one unsure of what can be trusted.
I would get a proof-reader & an independent researcher to revisit the book and re-release it with better footnotes; uncensored myths (or admit they are tone-down for wider reading and/or general acceptance); readdress the compound errors of using Graves & Frazer as cornerstones in the beginning formulation of his premise (actually his lack of original content throughout this book as he large portions of the book are "cut and paste" from Mircea Eliade, C.G. Jung, and Joseph Campbell) and add a few more "voices" to the discussion.
One merit, he includes information on Indian, Hawaiian, Aztec, Iranian, African, Finnish, Chinese, Japanese, Polynesian, and North American myths. If you have an interest in these less studied myths, then this book would be a strong starting point. As for myself, I feel that these myths have less an impact on our general culture and psychology, though are extremely relevant to global consciousness and the Neo-Pagan Movement.
So, this book has its strengths though it is quite weak both faith & thought-wise. It could be a good general interest book for particular people who want no depth. I wouldn’t call it an invaluable text but as a high school text, or as a very broad introduction to a non-scholar, I think it would decent starter book.
Page 6
MARS - the Mars bar was not directly named for the Roman god. “The Mars Bar was first created in 1936 and has become an instantly recognisable worldwide brand. However, in the United States, it is known as Milky Way. In the U.S., the Mars name was used until 2000 for a different bar, now known as Snickers Almond. (The worldwide Milky Way bar is known as 3 Musketeers in Canada and the U.S.; there is no longer a "Mars Bar" on the U.S. market.)” Further, it was named in 1936. Mars had been a hot topic since the publication of H.G. Wells' "War of the Worlds in 1898". The reddish interior of the bar sort of resembles the planet Mars, the flavour being out of this world. Source(s): www.spiritus-temporis.com/ & www.mars.com/
London - The name Londinium is thought to be pre-Roman (and possibly pre-Celtic) in origin, although there has been no consensus on what it means. It was common practice for Romans to adopt native names for new settlements. A common theory is that the name derives from a hypothetical Celtic place name, Londinion which may have been derived from the personal name Londinos, from the word lond, meaning 'wild'. The Celts themselves did not call it Londinium or any name attributed to Lugh (unlike Lyons in France). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Lo...
Jupiter – Though similar to the Greece God Zeus, through the eventual assimilation of Greek gods by the Romans. They are quite different (see www.nowpublic.com/culture/zeus-or-jup... point could be argued as a splitting hairs piece.
Page 11
"... the Egyptian year consisted of 13 lunar months of 30 days each, or 360 days."
Actually, 13 lunar months (30 days) are 390 days, 12 months of 30 days is 360 days, 13 lunar months (28 days) is 364 days.
Page 71
Apsu is described as the "sky god." No, An (or Anu) was the sky god, Apsu was the creature representing the freshwater abyss.
And the list on errors unfortunately goes on. One could say that the information/research was not available in the 1990 to catch these errors. Unfortunately, most of the data I quote was around since the 1980’s. This is a shame because this ambitious undertaking and useful comparison is marred by this careless – an error that makes one unsure of what can be trusted.
I would get a proof-reader & an independent researcher to revisit the book and re-release it with better footnotes; uncensored myths (or admit they are tone-down for wider reading and/or general acceptance); readdress the compound errors of using Graves & Frazer as cornerstones in the beginning formulation of his premise (actually his lack of original content throughout this book as he large portions of the book are "cut and paste" from Mircea Eliade, C.G. Jung, and Joseph Campbell) and add a few more "voices" to the discussion.
One merit, he includes information on Indian, Hawaiian, Aztec, Iranian, African, Finnish, Chinese, Japanese, Polynesian, and North American myths. If you have an interest in these less studied myths, then this book would be a strong starting point. As for myself, I feel that these myths have less an impact on our general culture and psychology, though are extremely relevant to global consciousness and the Neo-Pagan Movement.
So, this book has its strengths though it is quite weak both faith & thought-wise. It could be a good general interest book for particular people who want no depth. I wouldn’t call it an invaluable text but as a high school text, or as a very broad introduction to a non-scholar, I think it would decent starter book.
October 8, 2018
برای شناخت کلی از اسطوره ها کتاب خوبیه
May 17, 2010
This was assigned for a college course on mythology. It is AMAZINGLY bad. There are so many errors in it, I can't tell you. The explanation of the origin of Christmas Trees is completely wrong from beginning to end, for one example. For another, the Finnish goddess Ilmatar is mentioned and her name is assumed to be "something-mother" on the logic that "matar" sounds like mother. It does sound like that, but this is not an Indo-European language, so you can't make those kinds of linguistic assumptions!! The author is apparently ignorant enough to do so. What a shame.
September 30, 2017
کتابی مید برای فهم اسطوره و کارکرد آن در ادیان واعتقادات، اسطوره های آفرینش، سفر، مرگ و... در نقاط مختلف جهان. با توجه به فاصله جغرافیایی این نقاط، شباهت این اسطوره ها شگفت انگیز است. آیا این شباهتها به خاطر این بوده است که از ساختار مغزی و نیاز مشابه آن سرچشمه می گیرند؟
Read
December 27, 2025read more in full (since 9th-grade, which is funny since I don't remember the annotations that I made).
I really like the myths of Savitri and Nachiketas under the journey to the underworld section, though Savitri fits tales of love. I like Marwe in the Underworld too mainly for its last line: and since both had died, they met their ends without fear. I like The Story of Poia for the Great Turnip and Sky-Country, and the Mayan creation myth warms my heart!! Super interesting to situate the myth with the Mayan practice of human sacrifice and how belief makes up everything, myth makes up real culture and practices and how we have for the most part all accepted the modern belief of universal human rights instead.
The part of Hiawatha Tarenyawagon being a civic myth for the Five Nation Confederacy of the Iroquois, whose government was studied by the constructors of the U.S. Constitution was new to me. It is a really good myth too.
I do just love Norse mythology because, while there's such an undertone of sadness and depressing scenarios, everyone just embraces it. What is most interesting about prophecies is that you don't know how much is free will and agency, even for the gods who don't seem to act of their own accord either, fitting into molds and foretold fates. (I have been led to finish reading Magnus Chase, plus we watched the Stories of Ancient Egypt documentary, which renewed my interest in the Egyptian myths and I really want to reread The Kane Chronicles (peakkk)). What Rick Riordan did was humanize the gods by having them have demigod children and have main characters that could determine their fates, which was really something.
The section on The End-Visions of the Apocalypse was so good, just to explain disasters and destruction as natural as creation. There is always the sense of the end, then just the one, something. Judgement Day itself, the biblical versions included, is just so interesting. What is there to validate your faith? The last line of what the author included from 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 confused me.
I also am disturbed by what the author included about Lillith in the Talmudic creation story, the notion of houris and Paradise in the Koran, and portrayals of women and evil feminine spirits like nagging, though I do understand how myth was a reflection of society and also very flat, lacking nuance and details that come from the audience's interpretation, which is very important, for the reader to imbue their own understanding, questions, and conclusions. And I think, how hard it is to create myth, a simple story, to have it accomplish such not-so-simple things
I do agree that it is very handy to have a book of myths on hand.
I really like the myths of Savitri and Nachiketas under the journey to the underworld section, though Savitri fits tales of love. I like Marwe in the Underworld too mainly for its last line: and since both had died, they met their ends without fear. I like The Story of Poia for the Great Turnip and Sky-Country, and the Mayan creation myth warms my heart!! Super interesting to situate the myth with the Mayan practice of human sacrifice and how belief makes up everything, myth makes up real culture and practices and how we have for the most part all accepted the modern belief of universal human rights instead.
The part of Hiawatha Tarenyawagon being a civic myth for the Five Nation Confederacy of the Iroquois, whose government was studied by the constructors of the U.S. Constitution was new to me. It is a really good myth too.
I do just love Norse mythology because, while there's such an undertone of sadness and depressing scenarios, everyone just embraces it. What is most interesting about prophecies is that you don't know how much is free will and agency, even for the gods who don't seem to act of their own accord either, fitting into molds and foretold fates. (I have been led to finish reading Magnus Chase, plus we watched the Stories of Ancient Egypt documentary, which renewed my interest in the Egyptian myths and I really want to reread The Kane Chronicles (peakkk)). What Rick Riordan did was humanize the gods by having them have demigod children and have main characters that could determine their fates, which was really something.
The section on The End-Visions of the Apocalypse was so good, just to explain disasters and destruction as natural as creation. There is always the sense of the end, then just the one, something. Judgement Day itself, the biblical versions included, is just so interesting. What is there to validate your faith? The last line of what the author included from 2 Thessalonians 2:1-12 confused me.
I also am disturbed by what the author included about Lillith in the Talmudic creation story, the notion of houris and Paradise in the Koran, and portrayals of women and evil feminine spirits like nagging, though I do understand how myth was a reflection of society and also very flat, lacking nuance and details that come from the audience's interpretation, which is very important, for the reader to imbue their own understanding, questions, and conclusions. And I think, how hard it is to create myth, a simple story, to have it accomplish such not-so-simple things
I do agree that it is very handy to have a book of myths on hand.
December 23, 2023
This is undoubtedly the finest primer to Comparative Mythology that one can access. In it, the discussion has been arranged under the following heads~
Part One: An Invitation to Myth—
1. An Introduction;
2. The Cast of Characters;
Part Two: The Myths—
3. Beginnings— The Creation Myths;
4. The Earliest Times;
5. The Flood Myths;
6. Tales of Love;
7. Morality Tales from the Myths;
8. Four Parallel Stories;
9. Some Brief Myths of the Hero;
10. The Journey to the Underworld and the Path of Death;
11. The End— Visions of the Apocalypse;
Part Three: The Modern Readings of Myth—
12. Views of Myth and Meaning;
13. Parallel Myths and Ways of Interpreting Them;
14. Myth— Yours, Mine, and Ours.
These are followed by Bibliography and Index.
Best thing about this book apart from its encyclopaedic nature? The simplicity of language, lucidity, and brevity in presentation. Most importantly, unlike other celebrity authors Bierlein didn't fall into the trap of over-analysing everything into Jungian archetypes. Instead, he has left the readers to draw their own conclusions and tell their own stories.
Highly Recommended.
Part One: An Invitation to Myth—
1. An Introduction;
2. The Cast of Characters;
Part Two: The Myths—
3. Beginnings— The Creation Myths;
4. The Earliest Times;
5. The Flood Myths;
6. Tales of Love;
7. Morality Tales from the Myths;
8. Four Parallel Stories;
9. Some Brief Myths of the Hero;
10. The Journey to the Underworld and the Path of Death;
11. The End— Visions of the Apocalypse;
Part Three: The Modern Readings of Myth—
12. Views of Myth and Meaning;
13. Parallel Myths and Ways of Interpreting Them;
14. Myth— Yours, Mine, and Ours.
These are followed by Bibliography and Index.
Best thing about this book apart from its encyclopaedic nature? The simplicity of language, lucidity, and brevity in presentation. Most importantly, unlike other celebrity authors Bierlein didn't fall into the trap of over-analysing everything into Jungian archetypes. Instead, he has left the readers to draw their own conclusions and tell their own stories.
Highly Recommended.
December 11, 2023
I hated this. Had to read for a class and I hated every second.
August 6, 2020
This was a great overall read. The comparisons were varied and interesting and I liked the broad overview of different theoties as to why mythologies are parallelled across the world.
That being said, I did not like the lack of author commentary. And what we did get at the end focused on the three major Western religions without considering Asiatic and alternate belief systems. While I understand the reason for this, I felt a bit alienated by it, and I did not find that section to be as informative or useful.
That being said, I did not like the lack of author commentary. And what we did get at the end focused on the three major Western religions without considering Asiatic and alternate belief systems. While I understand the reason for this, I felt a bit alienated by it, and I did not find that section to be as informative or useful.
April 25, 2009
Just what I was looking for; something to use for quick referencing. Not for the more advanced student of mythology, it's a pretty light read.
August 28, 2018
It’s very interesting how mythology, history and religion can be connected and have overlaps.
It is said that myths are the religions that were used to be practiced.
It is said that myths are the religions that were used to be practiced.
November 25, 2021
I read this for a mythology course I’m taking. I found it to be pretty accessible for people who may not know much about mythology.
January 15, 2022
Read for my World Mythology class
Does a good job explaining the different myths and easy to read
Does a good job explaining the different myths and easy to read
March 11, 2015
Interesting, but some of the myths were different from how I learned them…
July 24, 2020
This was a little disappointing as it turned out to be more an anthology of myths and commentary about myths rather than any cohesive analysis. I think it was clearly meant for a college course, but I didn't realize that when I bought it. It made me do most of the work in connecting all the myths together, but it was still interesting to read all the myths of different cultures.
I really enjoy the archetypes of myth, the familiarity of some of them and the newness of others. There is something deeply human about the fact that myths from every corner of the world follow the same basic structure; sometimes this is explained by their proximity to one another (Iran and India for example, shared some similarities) but sometimes there is no real explanation. One set of myths about a pair of brothers is nearly identical in both Norse mythology and in the Great Plains of North America, and those two groups of people didn't cross in the early part of their civilizations. Apparently, Catholic Conquistadors were shocked to find the many similarities between their religion and Incan and Mayan mythology. They had a version of baptism and All Souls Day. (The Conquistadors probably wanted to keep that quiet.) Meanwhile, pretty much everybody's creation myth started with some kind of Chaos/primordial ooze and went through the creation of sky and earth, light and darkness, water, and plants, animals, and humans of two genders, usually in the same order too! Also just about everybody has some kind of virgin birth.
Mythology is the basis for all our stories, and we've been telling these stories for thousands of years. For the people who began telling them, they served as science, religion, history, morality, and literature. All told, myths are so cool.
I really enjoy the archetypes of myth, the familiarity of some of them and the newness of others. There is something deeply human about the fact that myths from every corner of the world follow the same basic structure; sometimes this is explained by their proximity to one another (Iran and India for example, shared some similarities) but sometimes there is no real explanation. One set of myths about a pair of brothers is nearly identical in both Norse mythology and in the Great Plains of North America, and those two groups of people didn't cross in the early part of their civilizations. Apparently, Catholic Conquistadors were shocked to find the many similarities between their religion and Incan and Mayan mythology. They had a version of baptism and All Souls Day. (The Conquistadors probably wanted to keep that quiet.) Meanwhile, pretty much everybody's creation myth started with some kind of Chaos/primordial ooze and went through the creation of sky and earth, light and darkness, water, and plants, animals, and humans of two genders, usually in the same order too! Also just about everybody has some kind of virgin birth.
Mythology is the basis for all our stories, and we've been telling these stories for thousands of years. For the people who began telling them, they served as science, religion, history, morality, and literature. All told, myths are so cool.
December 15, 2025
حدودا یک سال بود مایل بو.دم کتاب را مطالعه کنم. تا اینکه اخیرا به بهانه تولد، از دوتا از عزیزترین دوستانم هدیهاش گرفتم. مدت کوتاهی بعد از داشتن کتاب وجودم مایل به خواندنش شد.
در حال حاضر در حال خواندن و نگارش ایاننامهام هستم. وقت اندک و خواندن ی بسیار.
اما سر این کتاب، حقیقتا بسیاری از بخشها کاربردی نبودند. اما هرچه تلش میکردم گذر کننم، جذابیت موضوعی اجازه نمیداد.
مدت زیادی نشد که خواندنش به پایان رسید. به عنوان پژوهشگری که مایل است اسطوره بخواند و بداند. از خواندنش بسیار لذت بردم.
کتاب شامل سه فصل اصلی است: 1_دعوت به اسطوره 2_اسطورهها 3_خوانشهای مدرن اسطوره
بخش ابتدایی دیدگاههای جالبی را بررسی میکند! زبان و اسطوره،زمان و اسطوره، تاریخ و اسطوره، اخلاق و اسطوره و ....
بخش دوم بنظر من جذابترین و زیبا ترین بخش بود. به بررسی اسطورههای آفرینش، روزگاران اولیه، توفان، عشق، اخلاق، مرگ، قیامت و... در بخشهای متفاوت جهان پرداخته شده بود. این بخش تقسیم بندی موضوعی بود، که در سایر کتابها مثل اساطیر جهان لارنس میتوان تقسیم بندی منطقه جغرافیایی نیز پیدا کرد. اما نکته جالب در این قسمت برای من این بود که در قسمت اسطورههای مرگ ایرانی (زرتشتی)- 1مبنای ایرانی را زرتشتی گذاشته بود. 2همانند سایر مللی که بررسی کرده بود، به شرح یک قصه و روایت نرداخته بود، بلکه به توصیف و پیشروی بر اساس متون پهلوی اکتفا کرده بود. تفاوت ملموسی بود.
بخش سوم بخش تخصصا اسطورهای بود که به دیدگاههایی درباره اسطوره و معنا، اسطورههای موازی و شیوههای تفسیر آنها، اسطوره مال من مال تو مال ما پرداخته بود. برای خوانندهای که صرفا به دنبال قصص و روایات است، فاقد جذابیت است. اما اگر از دیدگاه علمی و تفسیری به اساطیر بنگریم، بخش مهمی خواهد بود.
در حال حاضر در حال خواندن و نگارش ایاننامهام هستم. وقت اندک و خواندن ی بسیار.
اما سر این کتاب، حقیقتا بسیاری از بخشها کاربردی نبودند. اما هرچه تلش میکردم گذر کننم، جذابیت موضوعی اجازه نمیداد.
مدت زیادی نشد که خواندنش به پایان رسید. به عنوان پژوهشگری که مایل است اسطوره بخواند و بداند. از خواندنش بسیار لذت بردم.
کتاب شامل سه فصل اصلی است: 1_دعوت به اسطوره 2_اسطورهها 3_خوانشهای مدرن اسطوره
بخش ابتدایی دیدگاههای جالبی را بررسی میکند! زبان و اسطوره،زمان و اسطوره، تاریخ و اسطوره، اخلاق و اسطوره و ....
بخش دوم بنظر من جذابترین و زیبا ترین بخش بود. به بررسی اسطورههای آفرینش، روزگاران اولیه، توفان، عشق، اخلاق، مرگ، قیامت و... در بخشهای متفاوت جهان پرداخته شده بود. این بخش تقسیم بندی موضوعی بود، که در سایر کتابها مثل اساطیر جهان لارنس میتوان تقسیم بندی منطقه جغرافیایی نیز پیدا کرد. اما نکته جالب در این قسمت برای من این بود که در قسمت اسطورههای مرگ ایرانی (زرتشتی)- 1مبنای ایرانی را زرتشتی گذاشته بود. 2همانند سایر مللی که بررسی کرده بود، به شرح یک قصه و روایت نرداخته بود، بلکه به توصیف و پیشروی بر اساس متون پهلوی اکتفا کرده بود. تفاوت ملموسی بود.
بخش سوم بخش تخصصا اسطورهای بود که به دیدگاههایی درباره اسطوره و معنا، اسطورههای موازی و شیوههای تفسیر آنها، اسطوره مال من مال تو مال ما پرداخته بود. برای خوانندهای که صرفا به دنبال قصص و روایات است، فاقد جذابیت است. اما اگر از دیدگاه علمی و تفسیری به اساطیر بنگریم، بخش مهمی خواهد بود.
September 9, 2017
There are a multitude of factual errors, regardless of the version of myth being referred to. I believe that this was not intentional, as there is a blur between storytelling, explanation, and opinion in the presentation of the myths. This blurred change of narrative ruins the flow, and abruptly interrupts the feed of information, becoming either distracting or misguided, leading to the errors.
However, my main complaint is the lack of detail in many of the myths. Certain stories such as the Greek and Biblical ones will have an abundance of information, yet others such as the Americas or African stories will lack detail; many are simply glossed over without any thought. It comes across as lazy or misinformed, but I believe it was Bierlein's choice to focus on popular myths for reader interest as he clearly has done a hefty amount of research.
This was not what I was expecting when I picked up Parallel Myths, and I am disappointed. I wish I could recommend this book, but it may only be suitable for an introduction to mythology.
However, my main complaint is the lack of detail in many of the myths. Certain stories such as the Greek and Biblical ones will have an abundance of information, yet others such as the Americas or African stories will lack detail; many are simply glossed over without any thought. It comes across as lazy or misinformed, but I believe it was Bierlein's choice to focus on popular myths for reader interest as he clearly has done a hefty amount of research.
This was not what I was expecting when I picked up Parallel Myths, and I am disappointed. I wish I could recommend this book, but it may only be suitable for an introduction to mythology.
August 6, 2023
an excellent introduction
this was a valuable read for the purpose of introducing yourself to the study of mythology.
biggest con: much of the texts themselves lack basic information - their authors, translators, dating, etc. i had so many background questions about the texts that were never annotated or explained.
biggest pros: the author provides an abundant about of texts throughout the world for comparison. the author arranges them in a logical order and allows the reader to explore them together.
but the biggest pro about this book were the final two chapters, where the author sketches the major theories of Mythology and the history of academic demythologization. fascinating stuff and worth the effort to understand if you’re new to the subject.
this was an excellent read. if the author ever annotated the background information to the primary texts, this thing would be absolute gold. still, it proved to be very valuable for me nonetheless.
this was a valuable read for the purpose of introducing yourself to the study of mythology.
biggest con: much of the texts themselves lack basic information - their authors, translators, dating, etc. i had so many background questions about the texts that were never annotated or explained.
biggest pros: the author provides an abundant about of texts throughout the world for comparison. the author arranges them in a logical order and allows the reader to explore them together.
but the biggest pro about this book were the final two chapters, where the author sketches the major theories of Mythology and the history of academic demythologization. fascinating stuff and worth the effort to understand if you’re new to the subject.
this was an excellent read. if the author ever annotated the background information to the primary texts, this thing would be absolute gold. still, it proved to be very valuable for me nonetheless.
September 27, 2019
The theme of this book works to impart that humans beings have an innate ability to connect to higher consciousness which produces the assortments of myths independent of cultural influence from other groups as well as originating simultaneously throughout every culture. I whole heartily disagree with their positioning that these parallel myths are a function of organic growth as opposed to how history actually works were these stories are actually transported across the world via human interaction from culture to culture.
March 26, 2025
would give this 3 1/2 if I could. It was overall good and interesting, and I think it’s a good resource for someone interesting in mythology and how it’s existed in different cultures. However, it could get slightly repetitive and aimless at times, especially near the end.
An interesting read, but one that maybe needed a bit more structure/direction.
An interesting read, but one that maybe needed a bit more structure/direction.
August 18, 2020
Interesting to see how different cultures seem to overlap ideas. Not very detailed but I liked being able to use this book as a reference to find how different people in different regions explain the same phenomena.
December 4, 2021
This book has some amazing information, but it is very choppy. It can be a decent reference for people seeking a broad knowledge in the field of mythology. Yet, I have a hard time picturing a rating over 3/5. I will discuss the myths to my colleagues, but I will not be recommending the book.
December 31, 2023
This is a great introduction to myth and the connections between them. I’m more of a footnote guy, and so I have this 4/5 stars. Still, this is an excellent read and recommended to anyone interested in myth and religion.
February 11, 2024
This is a well organized analysis of myths common to multiple cultures, and a thought-provoking exploration of the relationship between myth, religion, science, and philosophy. I really enjoyed the analysis.
February 20, 2018
Not really my thing but I had to read it for work.
March 20, 2018
The eclectic Bierlein crosscuts the myths shared by many of the ancient cultures. To his credit, it's not just the Norse, the Aztecs, the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans. You'll find sub-groups like the Hawaiians and various tribes of North American Indians. Further, the pool he draws from to explain this phenomenon is equally diverse.
October 14, 2018
I read this after reading the books by Immanuel Velikovsky. Definitely worth the read and super interesting!
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