Susan Campbell Bartoletti was probably one of the best two or three writers of nonfiction for young adults of her day. The scope of her historical perspective is immediate and compelling, and she doesn't fool around when it comes to getting to the bottom of a serious issue like the history of the Ku Klux Klan. Before starting this book I knew that it was going to be an experience, and Susan Campbell Bartoletti didn't disappoint.
The roots of the Klan reach back into the decade of southern reconstruction that the government tried to make work after the official end of the American Civil War. The Confederates were bloodied, beaten and angry, and with the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in 1965, there no longer was a man in the Oval Office who seemed to truly want to uphold the rights of the newly freed slaves while at the same time letting the injured and insulted South get back on their collective feet. Andrew Johnson was sworn in to take Lincoln's place following the assassination, as a southerner himself who might be able to push for a meaningful reconciliation between the sides that had so recently been at war; however, as one might guess, Andrew Johnson was not quite Abraham Lincoln. His administration would eventually bring the office of the presidency into disgrace, and he could not soothe the resentment that burned like hot coals between the North and the South.
One of the really big problems that existed in the attempted reconstruction of the ruined South was the huge financial losses inflicted upon former slave owners by the enactment of the Emancipation Proclamation. Suddenly, all of these plantation owners were having to get along without all of the free slave labor that they had taken for granted in the past. The greater the number of slaves that a household had owned the worse it was for them now, since every slave freed simply multiplied the labor that had been taken away by order of President Lincoln. If a southern gentleman wanted a black man to supply work on his place now, then he was going to have to offer him wages just as he would to any white man in want of a job. This suggested equality between the races rankled many southerners, and began to set the stage for the origin of the first real, organized American hate group, which would grow to become the most menacing force in all of the South, stretching from state to state in its reign of terror and plunging freed blacks back into their memories of fear from when they were still slaves.
In 1866, six southern men, all highly educated and of fine standing in their community, began meeting in a house in Pulaski, Tennessee, presumably to discuss the ostensible failures of reconstruction and other important issues of the day. The disaster that was the Civil War had destroyed the South and left many of its white citizens without a number of their basic rights (including the right to vote and hold political office), but it had also created a world in which there was very little to keep them occupied, or entertained. It couldn't have been terribly surprising, then, when one of the six men meeting in Pulaski tendered the suggestion that they should get up some kind of a club in their area. His five friends readily agreed to the plan, and they began to draw up ideas for a code language and pretentious, authoritative Klan nicknames to give to their various officers of both high and low rank. It's hard to say whether or not this new organization, named the Ku Klux Klan, was initially designated to deal with southern racial frustrations by the use of violence or if it was at first intended to be more of a social club, but there's no getting around the fact that the fledgling group soon morphed into the latter. Many southern white men had been holding on to their anger over the results of the Civil War with clenched fists and white-knuckle grips, and here was their chance to finally relieve some of that tension in a way that would prove darkly satisfying to the frightening fantasies that had so far been cooking up mostly in the shadowy caverns of their own minds.
After reaching this point, most of the rest of They Called Themselves the KKK is a series of chilling stories of the abuses perpetrated by the Klan upon blacks, as well as upon whites who disagreed with the Klan's intransigent stand on ultimate white supremacy. Many of these harrowing tales come from the mouths of the affected blacks themselves, speaking directly to official government archivists in a set of interviews conducted during the 1930s. The people who had lived through the days of reconstruction South were all at least in their late seventies by that point, and many were in their eighties, nineties or even one hundred years of age, but their recollections of what went down at the hands of the Ku Klux Klan in the ten years following the conclusion of the Civil War were etched with seemingly perfect detail in their minds. I guess that such violence isn't something that one forgets easily or quickly.
As the Klan reached the height of its powers in the late 1860s and into the early 1870s, the federal government under new president Ulysses S. Grant realized at last that something had to be done. The gains of the bloody Civil War were in all practicality going for nought, as the Klan strengthened its hold on the South and commonly used its power to deprive black Americans of their basic rights. A series of hearings were held to determine the fate of the Klan, and after all of the testimony was given it was decided that the federal government should have the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in regard to the illegal acts of this particular supremacist group, as it would be unrealistic to try to bust any Klan factions with a set of specific charges against each member already written up ahead of time. This change in rule allowed the federal government to swoop in and arrest Klan members in hordes, doing the work that state and local government had up to that point been either unwilling or too afraid to do. The northern ideas of reconstruction for the South had still turned out to be flops, but the core power of the Ku Klux Klan had been dealt its death blow, and the organization no longer would have the central cohesiveness or resolve to conduct the terrifying raids that had been all too normal in the South just a short while before.
As Susan Campbell Bartoletti describes it, the Ku Klux Klan was anything but permanently finished after the rash of arrests that occurred following President Grant's issue of the decree that habeas corpus could be suspended in some instances. In 1915 the Klan rose from the ashes with the release of the controversial movie The Birth of a Nation, which offered a less harsh view of the history of white supremacy in the United States. The Klan would see surges in popularity at various times after that, but never came close to matching the power that it wielded in its prime years during the reconstruction of the South after the Civil War. Today the Ku Klux Klan still continues to operate, existing as a warning to everybody of what the ominous hooded masks have represented in the past, and what they mean today for those of us of any race or creed who value the freedom of all groups of people to be themselves and express their beliefs openly and without fear in the United States of America.
Much of They Called Themselves the KKK is actually more a portrait of the battle for civil rights in the last quarter of the nineteenth century than just a profile of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite the basic downfall of the Klan in 1871, blacks who had never stopped struggling for true freedom after being emancipated would face very dark days in the future. Conventional slavery may have no longer been a big issue, but by 1896 it appears that the majority of Americans had bought into the government enforced state of white supremacy expressed by the Jim Crow laws, and for more than half a century that was the law of the land in our very own United States of America. The Ku Klux Klan had been more or less eradicated, but there was still a long way to go in the fight for freedom in which blacks still engaged as fervently as ever.
Susan Campbell Bartoletti has taken the idea of a book about the Ku Klux Klan and turned it into more, describing in terrific detail some crucial moments in American history and what the presence of the Klan in the past and present had to do with those moments. They Called Themselves the KKK focuses mostly on the era directly after the Civil War even though the Klan has done significant things since that time, but I think that the emphasis makes sense. The book's subtitle is The Birth of an American Terrorist Group, so I think that it's appropriate to center primarily on the events surrounding the genesis of the group. They Called Themselves the KKK is a work of insightful, deep research and remarkable historical value for readers of all age, and I would recommend it as probably the definitive book on the subject for young adult readers. I would give at least two and a half stars to this book.