This is a fascinating book for anyone interested in experiences of altered consciousness. Moksha is Sanskrit for enlightenment. When Huxley wrote Doors of Perception, he had only taken one dose of mescaline, the active ingredient of a particular Mexican cactus. He had far more experience of mescaline, LSD and psilosybin, the active ingredient of psychoactive mushrooms, when he wrote these letters, articles and lectures.
Huxley is a superbly eloquent writer yet even he emphasizes the indescribable quality of these experiences, though he gives it his best shot. He outlines three levels of experience that may be induced: aesthetic, visionary and mystical, with each taking the subject further from the bonds of everyday, ordinary consciousness. He uses several phrases repeatedly, such as "the dissolution of the subject-object experience" – the 'at-oneness' that often marks numinous experience. In spite of the inherent tragedy within human life, he also frequently refers to “the essential All Rightness of the universe”. He acknowledges that, prior to his psychedelic experiments, he dismissed the phrase “God is love” as some vague salve offered by religious types but, having taken these drugs, came to fully understand its meaning. Huxley also recognised evidence of similar experiences in the work of Wordsworth, Blake and others, especially Blake’s insight that “gratitude is heaven.”
Nevertheless, Huxley had the occasional ‘bad trip’ and was aware that others had experiences that were truly hellish. He believed this was a reflection of their extant state of mind and thought that the drugs in some way remove the barriers – “the reducing valve” - that ordinarily restrict both the ability to experience ecstasy and the descent into the darkest recesses of the psyche. He warns against trying these drugs without proper supervision.
In his lectures and articles, Huxley describes various historical and contemporary methods of achieving these altered states. The chemical route, he argues, is as old as humanity itself and lists many of the plants used by shamans across time. But he also refers to various mortifications of the flesh - methods favoured by religious ascetics over the centuries such as extreme fasting, sleep deprivation, self-flagellation and so forth. Finally, and more comfortably one must assume, are the various types of meditation that are meant to focus the mind on one physical point to such an extent that the ego, or the reducing valve as Huxley calls it, disintegrates.
Huxley died of cancer in 1963, writing right up to the last days of his life. He sincerely believed that everyone, particularly adolescents, should receive regular doses of these psychedelics, seeing this as the best chance humanity had of achieving happiness and world peace. He would have been dismayed; to the best of my knowledge, these drugs are still illegal in most countries. Interestingly, recent research in the USA indicates that psilosybin may dramatically resolve the symptoms of depression, including chronic depression, in the long term after only one or two doses. Trials continue. Huxley may yet be proved right.