Introduction.- Chapter Responsibility and Military Interpreters and the Chinese Kuomintang Government.- Chapter Political Beliefs or Practical Gains?: Interpreting for the Chinese Communist Party.- Chapter Interpreting for the Chinese/Japanese Interpreters and the Japanese Forces.- Chapter A Case Study of Two Xia Wenyun and Yan Jiarui.- Conclusion.- Appendix I. Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-45).