Joint review
Heavenly Intrigue
By Joshua Gilder and Anne-Lee Gilder
Kepler’s Witch
By James A. Connor
One of the delights of reviewing is to have your expectations overturned. I was doubly lucky with these two books. When I first looked at them, I anticipated that Kepler’s Witch would be an intriguing account of one of the more obscure events in the life of the great astronomer Johannes Kepler, but that Heavenly Intrigue, which suggests that Kepler murdered his patron Tycho Brahe, would be the work of some cranks with no real understanding of history. I was wrong on both counts.
Kepler lived from 1571 to 1630, making him a contemporary of William Shakespeare and Galileo Galilei. The Pilgrim fathers founded the Plymouth colony when Kepler was 49. He was one of the giants on whose work the scientific revolution was based, and in particular he worked out the laws of planetary motion, later used by Isaac Newton in developing his theory of gravity. Indeed, it is often wrongly assumed that Newton’s famous remark about “standing on the shoulders of giants” refers to people like Kepler and Tycho. In fact, Newton made that remark in the context of his work on light, long before the theory of gravity was developed; but as a metaphor, it is still a good description of the relationship between Kepler and Newton.
Kepler had a tough life, starting out in poverty in the German town of Weil der Statt, with an abusive father, involving a childhood attack of smallpox which left him with weak eyesight, dependant on the observations of other astronomers (notably Tycho) for the data he needed, and, indeed, including the trial of his elderly mother for witchcraft. His story has all the makings of a gripping biography. But James Connor’s book is not that biography. It contains all the facts, but it is a dull read, overlong, and the author wears his learning too self-consciously. In spite of the title, the story of the witchcraft trial is not central to the book, and the treatment given here only serves to highlight how interesting a shorter, more focussed account of this aspect of Kepler’s life would be.
The most surprising feature of the book, to anyone who has studied Kepler’s life, is Connor’s claim that his subject had an “embrace of astrology” which “more than anything else . . . puts Kepler at a distance from our age.” [ED: top of page 49] Actually, the impoverished Kepler cast horoscopes only in order to make money, and in his private correspondence referred to his clients as “fatheads” and described astrology as “silly and empty.” This makes him much more in tune with modern thinking than most of his contemporaries!
But if Kepler’s Witch is disappointing, Heavenly Intrigue is a delight. Written much more crisply and with a momentum that carries the reader along, Joshua Gilder and Anne-Lee Gilder take far less space to give us pacey accounts of the lives and times of both their protagonists. These are the rich, aristocratic Dane Tycho Brahe (who in his youth fought a duel which resulted in a chunk being cut out of his nose, later protected with a silver covering) and the low-born Kepler, always struggling to make ends meet. The story culminates in their eventual meeting. This took place in Prague, where the ageing Tycho (he lived from 1546 to 1601) had a treasure trove of planetary observations, going back over decades, but lacked the mathematical skills to use these data to find the exact orbits of the planets. The younger Kepler had the mathematical skills, but not the data.
It should have been a marriage made in Heaven, but for reasons which the Gilder’s make clear, Tycho was reluctant to part with his data, and Kepler was eager to get on with the job. It was only after Tycho died that Kepler, the obvious scientific heir, was able to get hold of the material he needed. Contemporary accounts tell us that Tycho was at a banquet in honour of a distinguished guest, and out of politeness did not leave the table to relieve himself during the extended meal in spite of drinking large quantities of wine. When he eventually tried to pass urine, he failed; and a few days later died in considerable pain, naming Kepler as his scientific heir on his deathbed. But there must have been some underlying cause – perhaps an infection – triggered by the events at the banquet. One possibility that would fit the accounts is mercury poisoning, and this is the case that the Gilders make. But unlike other authorities, they suggest that the mercury was ingested not as an accidental consequence of Tycho’s alchemy experiments, but through the hand of an enemy – specifically, Kepler.
Was Kepler eager enough to get his hands on the data have poisoned Tycho? I don’t think so, but this account of what might have happened is an enthralling read, as a murder mystery being investigated four centuries after the death. Even regarded as science fiction it is informative and entertaining – which would be appropriate, since Kepler wrote what many regard as the first science fiction story, an account of a mythical flight to the Moon, designed to present some of his astronomical ideas in an accessible form.
Heavenly Intrigue is a book I can wholeheartedly recommend to scientists, Sf fans, and lovers of murder mysteries. Kepler’s Witch will be of interest only to Kepler buffs who want to read everything written about the man.